Stacked biofuel cells separated by artificial lipid bilayers

This paper reports stacked biofuel cells (SBFC) separated by artificial lipid bilayers which are bimolecular membranes and several nm membranes. First, we designed and fabricated SBFCs with a screen printer and a 3D printer. Then, we evaluated electrochemical reaction of electrodes of the SBFC and measured the output voltages of single, double, triple and quad SBFCs. Finally, we demonstrated to drive a digital clock powered by the quad SBFC. These results indicate the potentially for developing the high voltage BFC implanted in living organisms.