Title :
Monitoring the Fermentation Process and Detection of Optimum Fermentation Time of Black Tea Using an Electronic Tongue
Author :
Ghosh, Arunangshu ; Bag, Anil Kumar ; Sharma, Prolay ; Tudu, Bipan ; Sabhapondit, Santanu ; Baruah, Binoti Devi ; Tamuly, Pradip ; Bhattacharyya, Nabarun ; Bandyopadhyay, Rajib
Author_Institution :
Dept. of Instrum. & Electron. Eng., Jadavpur Univ., Kolkata, India
Abstract :
This paper presents a new methodology to monitor the fermentation process and detect the optimum fermentation time of crush tear curl black tea with a voltammetric electronic tongue. An electronic tongue with an array of five noble metal working electrodes has been developed for this purpose. A suitable large amplitude pulse voltammetric waveform has been employed for probing the chemical changes in tea samples under fermentation. Good correlation between the electronic tongue responses and the biochemical changes has been obtained by principal component analysis (PCA) during various stages of fermentation. The electronic tongue fermentation profile has been derived from PCA analysis and it is observed that such a profile enables detection of optimum fermentation times. Finally, a model based on partial least squares regression technique has been developed for real-time indication of fermentation level. The optimum fermentation times observed from the electronic tongue fermentation profiles derived from PCA and partial least squares regression correlate by a factor of 0.97 and 0.96, respectively, with the reference values obtained from an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer-based instrumental analysis.
Keywords :
beverages; biochemistry; electrodes; electronic tongues; fermentation; least squares approximations; principal component analysis; regression analysis; voltammetry (chemical analysis); PCA analysis; biochemical changes; crush tear curl black tea; electronic tongue fermentation profile; fermentation level; fermentation process monitoring; fermentation time detection; metal working electrodes; partial least squares regression technique; principal component analysis; pulse voltammetric waveform; ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer-based instrumental analysis; voltammetric electronic tongue; Chemicals; Compounds; Electrodes; Instruments; Monitoring; Principal component analysis; Tongue; Black Tea; Black tea; Partial least squares regression; Principal component analysis; Voltammetric electronic tongue; partial least squares regression; principal component analysis; voltammetric electronic tongue;
Journal_Title :
Sensors Journal, IEEE
DOI :
10.1109/JSEN.2015.2455535