Integrated models of distribution transformers and their loads for three-phase power flow analyses

This paper introduces integrated models of distribution transformers and their loads for three-phase power flow analyses. All transformer connections can be easily included, such as single-phase, open wye, open delta and three-phase. For an existing three-phase power flow program without rigorous transformer models, only a slight modification of this program is needed to analyze distribution systems in more detail by using these proposed models. For those with rigorous transformer models, the rigorous transformer models usually make the program converge with difficulty, or even diverge. The convergence characteristics of these program can be dramatically improved if proposed integrated models are used instead of the rigorous transformer models. Moreover, these models can be easily applied by some functions of advanced distribution management systems or automatic mapping and facility management systems, such as transformer load management and feeder load management, to evaluate the individual phase loads along a feeder