From hardware to software to knowware: IT´s third liberation?

Author

Lu, Ruqian

Author_Institution

Acad. of Math. & Syst. Sci., Fudan Univ., Shanghai, China

Volume

20

Issue

2

fYear

2005

Firstpage

82

Lastpage

85

Abstract

Knowware is a natural development in IT after hardware and software. It is a knowledge module that is independent, commercialized, suitable for computer manipulation, and directly usable by a class of software. It is directly related to intelligence: if software is the condensation and crystallization of knowledge, then knowware is the condensation and crystallization of intelligence. Pseudo natural languages (PNLs) such as ZHIWEN make it possible to develop knowware in a fast and massive fashion. They also offer a way to separate software developers from knowware developers, so that software engineers need only develop software tools, leaving the task of knowware development to the domain-specific experts.

Keywords

knowledge based systems; knowledge engineering; natural languages; intelligence crystallization; knowware; pseudo natural languages; software developers; Commercialization; Computer industry; Expert systems; Hardware; Humans; Intellectual property; Knowledge engineering; Programming; Software engineering; Software tools; knowware;

fLanguage

English

Journal_Title

Intelligent Systems, IEEE

Publisher

ieee

ISSN

1541-1672

Type

jour

DOI

10.1109/MIS.2005.27

Filename

1413175