Robust blind carrier frequency synchronisation for direct sequence spread spectrum systems

A robust blind carrier frequency synchronisation technique applicable to direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) systems is presented. The proposed method extends a blind timing synchronisation technique based on an autocorrelation matrix by applying open-loop single-frequency estimation algorithms to the eigenvector of the time synchronised autocorrelation matrix of the largest eigenvalue. A comparison of different single-frequency estimation algorithms is given. Simulation results show that some algorithms attain the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) even at low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs).