Local Energy Balancing and Ancillary Services in Low-Voltage Networks With Distributed Generation, Energy Storage, and Active Loads

The increasing penetration of distributed generation (DG), especially RES, brings new challenges for network operators to ensure energy balancing and quality of power supply. The uncontrolled electricity generation in a distribution network may have a negative impact on power system operation. The operation of DG, particularly RES, should be optimized to ensure technical standards of energy delivery. The optimization can be carried out using the concept of local energy balancing and ancillary services (ASs) provided by the DG and RES. As shown, they are able to ensure the development of local energy resources preserving the technical standards of network operation. The technical novelty of this paper presented refers to the implementation of the local energy balancing system in the low-voltage distribution system using competitive electricity market rules and application of nonlinear programming for overall optimization. The proposal presented includes economic dispatch and optimization of ASs, taking into account the compensation of reactive power, harmonics, and asymmetry.