Antenna size reduction using non-planar rings

There is a constant need to reduce the size of antennas without affecting their performance. The method of shorting patches to reduce the physical size of antennas is a common practice. The use of finite ground planes with these types of antennas can have a negative effect on their performance. Here, the introduction of non-planar rings in conjunction with a shorted patch to minimise the negative effects of the finite ground plane resulting in an overall antenna size reduction and an improvement in antenna performance is proposed