Design synthesis of miniature multiband monopole antennas with application to ground-based and vehicular communication systems

In this letter, we present a novel design methodology for miniature multiband monopole and whip-type antennas. The miniaturization and multiband response are simultaneously achieved by placing a fixed number of thin stubs at strategic locations along the antenna. A robust genetic algorithm technique is introduced to determine the optimal lengths and locations of the stubs for a specified percent reduction in monopole length.