Bus-oriented transmission loss allocation

As a result of deregulation, energy transfers increase in both volume and geographical span. Parallel flows begin to exert serious operational and economic effects. In system loss allocation calculation, it is desirable to match the calculation results and actual power flows as closely as possible. Three bus-oriented schemes, based on generalised generation distribution factors (GGDFs) and generalised load distribution factors (GLDFs), are proposed to allocate the transmission losses to market participants. This bus-oriented method is aimed at reducing the distribution factor computation and reflecting the activity in a competitive market. AC power flow-based injection shift distribution factors are exploited for computing GGDFs and GLDFs. Instead of using an incremental loss concept, system total loss is allocated directly to each bus by the proposed schemes. Several systems have been used to test the proposed methods, and numerical examples based on a 14-bus system are presented