Subharmonic photon-assisted tunneling effect in Superconducting NbN tunnel junctions

We investigated subharmonic gap structures in the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of NbN tunnel junctions by observing frequency response using a quasioptical mixer configuration. We chose a 10.5-μm-long by 0.6-μm-wide junction for the mixer so that the junction behaved as a distributed element at submillimeter-wave frequencies in wideband observations. In the presence of electromagnetic waves, subharmonic photon-assisted tunneling steps with a voltage width of hf/2e could clearly be observed below and above the half-gap voltage in the I-V curves of junctions at measured frequencies from 600 to 950 GHz, where h is Planck´s constant, f is frequency, and e is electron charge. This evidence is consistent with a consequence of multiple Andreev reflection at low transmissions or multiparticle tunneling.