Automatic generation control for hydro systems

The authors present the decision of an automatic generation control (AGC) system implemented with digital computers that periodically sample tie-line real power flows, line frequency, and generator power outputs. These analog signals are measured at 2-5 intervals and combined with desired interchange to obtain the area control error (ACE). The ACE digital quantity is allocated to regulating hydro turbines and transmitted via telemetry to the remote terminal units (RTU). The RTUs convert the raise/lower megawatts (MW) into timed relay contact closures to the governor which result in wicket gate open/close movement to change the generator output power. The output power of each generator is monitored by the digital AGC, which closes a feedback loop around the governor-turbine-generator to assure that the desired power level is attained. The feedback loop design, which is essentially a sampled-data control, is described. Additional feedback loops due to the ACE and load regulation are also analyzed. A method for allocating water usage between reservoirs on a generator command-time basis is presented. The theoretical designs are verified by online measurements