General sensitivity formulas for maximum loading conditions in power systems

General sensitivity formulas for maximum loading conditions of nonlinear power systems have been proposed. The proposed formulas allow computing the sensitivities of any system variable and, in particular, of the maximum loading margin with respect to arbitrary parameters. This approach extends previous results. It has also been shown that the sensitivity formulae available in the literature for static saddle-node and limit-induced bifurcation points are particular cases of the proposed general formulae. Two benchmark systems, namely a 6-bus system and the IEEE RTS-96 24-bus tests system, are used to illustrate and test the proposed technique