Equivalent circuit of a dipole antenna using frequency-independent lumped elements

A four-element lumped-parameter equivalent circuit, consisting of a resistance, an inductance, and two capacitances, has been found to represent the feed-point impedance of a dipole antenna. The values of these elements are related only to the physical dimensions of the antenna, not the frequency of operation. Empirical formulas are given for all the elements. The equivalent circuit gives negligible errors in radiation resistance and reactance for dipole half-lengths less than 0.1λ, rising to 1% for resistance and 6% for reactance at 0.25λ. It can be readily used in standard computer software packages such as SPICE, PSPICE, and MICROCAP