Interior lighting

The paper gives a survey of the principles of indoor lighting practice and lighting design. A short description of the history of lamps and lighting from torches and oil lamps in ancient times, through last century´s gas lighting, up to modern electric lamps is given. Section 3 covers the objectives of interior lighting, including special requirements for different applications. The main Section of the paper deals with lighting criteria; in particular, lighting levels, the luminance distribution in the field of view, directional effects, glare, and colour. Section 5 is devoted to the lighting systems that have to be considered when designing a lighting installation. These include system classifications according to the light distribution, layout and location of luminaires, lighting for visual display units, integration of lighting and air-conditioning, electric lighting combined with daylight from side windows, and emergency lighting. The paper concludes with an outlook on aspects of future lamp development and lighting design.