A Large-Signal Theory for Broad-Band Frequency Converters Using Abrupt Junction Varactor Diodes

A multicurrent design theory is developed for square law varactor frequency converters having a pump freqnency much greater than the input signal frequency. Efficiency limits are derived for upconverter operation, showing in particular that any broad-band mixer, where all sideband currents around the pump frequency are allowed to flow, must involve a conversion loss of at Ieast 4.4 dB. Consideration of circuit interactions and their effect on upconverter responses leads to a design suitable for systems use in the 5.9-6.4 GHz communication band. Experimental studies of a microstrip realization of this mixer show close agreement with theoretical predictions of its behavior, including a conversion loss less than 7.5 dB over an operating range of 1.3 GHz.