Title :
Principles and Applications of Converters for High-Frequency Measurements
Author_Institution :
Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Murray Hill, N.J.
Abstract :
The heterodyne method permits measurements over wide frequency bands with the standards operating at a fixed frequency. The accuracy of such measurements depends upon the performance of heterodyne conversion transducers or converters. Design principles are derived to maximize linearity and dynamic range and minimize zero corrections. These principles have been applied successfully to point-by-point and sweep measurements of delay, phase, transmission, and impedance.
Keywords :
Calibration; Delay; Electric variables measurement; Frequency conversion; Frequency measurement; Impedance measurement; Measurement standards; Performance evaluation; Phase measurement; Transducers;
Journal_Title :
Proceedings of the IRE
DOI :
10.1109/JRPROC.1952.274089
