High-frequency sonar transducers: a review of current practice

The paper is a review of current design and constructional practice of conventional high-frequency transducers which make use of piezoelectric plates and discs. The main design technique is based on the concept of the equivalent circuit, and to emphasise the design techniques three contemporary designs of increasing sophistication are detailed. The problems likely to be encountered are discussed. Electrical data on these designs are included to illustrate the measurement techniques usually employed.