Simulation for radiation effects in electronics

Adequate simulation testing for radiation effects requires knowledge of radiation effects mechanisms to relate test environments to operational environments. In order to scale the effect with radiation type, spectrum, or time dependence, the response must be separated into different radiation effects, The basic separation is into displacement, charge-transfer, and ionization effects. Within each category short-lived and long-term responses must be considered. Specific simulation facilities can be used to produce particular combinations of effects. Pulsed and steady-state neutron sources (reactor or accelerators), flash X-ray machines, and electron linear accelerators are particularly useful for producing the effects of the radiation from a nuclear explosion. Steady-state electron and proton accelerators are especially appropriate for simulating space radiation. In the first case the problem is to produce the high radiation rates; in the second to qualify accelerated testing. Many other simulation problems fall between these two limits.