Lateral electromagnetic waves from a horizontal antenna for remote sensing in the ocean

The properties of lateral electromagnetic waves on the one hand and antennas in material media on the other are applied to the problem of locating a submerged submarine from measurements of the scattered field observed on the surface of the sea. The method parallels an earlier study on locating a conductor buried in the earth. However, major changes are required because of the quite different properties of the media and the consequent very much lower frequencies. An important improvement is also incorporated in the use of circularly polarized lateral waves. Representative calculations are made to illustrate the relative orders of magnitude of the dimensions and fields involved and the required sensitivity of a receiver