Photovoltaic systems

An overview of photovoltaic (PV) systems is presented, including a discussion of major US and international activities. After a brief review of system types and output characteristics, various system configurations are discussed and a classification based on photovoltaic (PV) system rating is provided. Modeling, design, and economic considerations are briefly discussed. Synopses of typical operating systems in the US, Japan, and selected European countries are included. The worldwide status of PV system technology is discussed with a view to assessing its future. The assessment presented includes some specific areas for further research and development. Although no major technical barriers are evident for the entry of PV, as the level of penetration increases, several key issues identified will need further consideration. It is concluded that while photovoltaics is still evolving and has not reached its full potential, its rate of growth may depend on several exogenous factors such as cost of conventional energy sources and people´s desire to improve the global environment