An operations view of special protection systems

Four short reports are presented by personnel involved in operating major power systems where significant use of special protection systems (SPSs) is made. One report deals with the impact on the system operator. The second is concerned with documentation problems. Another illustrates how the rapid proliferation of SPSs makes operations more difficult. The final one highlights reliability concerns and the need for redundant systems. The general conclusion is that the proliferation of SPSs is having a major impact on the operation of bulk power supply systems, and that SPSs make system operations much more complex