Development and standardization of a clinical evaluation of standing function: the functional standing test

A tool for quantifying standing function and to measure the effectiveness of different assistive devices for disabled individuals was developed and normalized on able-bodied adolescents. The assessment was based on the ability to free the upper extremities from support and balancing tasks in order to manipulate objects in the environment while in the upright posture. The Jebsen test of hand function was adapted to the standing position and extended to include vertical reaching and crossing midline in order to tax the postural system. Time and completion of eighteen tasks requiring fine coordination, pushing, pulling, reaching horizontally, vertically, and diagonally were recorded along with total elapsed standing time. Data from 69 able-bodied individuals between the ages of 12 and 17 were analyzed statistically and normal standards were established. Although there were no differences with respect to age, a significant interaction between sex and standing performance was observed. Two adolescents with complete spinal cord injuries were also tested while standing in braces or with functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS). both subjects demonstrated a tendency for improved standing function with FNS, but overall results were mixed