A common modeling framework of voltage-sourced converters for load flow, sensitivity, and dispatch analysis

This paper discusses the use of injected shunt and series voltage sources to model voltage-sourced converter (VSC)-based flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS) controllers such as the unified power-flow controller (UPFC) and the interline power-flow controller (IPFC). Compared to traditional power network models including only shunt voltage injections, the inclusion of series voltage injections provides a new capability of power system models and offers a common modeling framework in which a Newton-Raphson load-flow solution and a network sensitivity analysis can be readily developed. The sensitivities can be used for optimal dispatch of FACTS controllers.