Electrochemical fabrication of well-ordered titania nanotubes in H3PO4/HF electrolytes

Well-ordered titania nanotubes were fabricated in H₃PO₄/HF solution by an electrochemical method. Field emission scanning electron microscope images indicate diameters of the nanotubes vary from 10 to more than 100 nm with increasing applied voltages. Nanotube arrays of titania with a thickness of up to 1.1 μm have been fabricated. Preliminary research indicates the nanotubes are formed due to competition of titania formation and dissolution under assistance of the electric field.