Shielding and guarding electrical apparatus used in measurements-general principles

Electrical measuring apparatus is shielded and guarded to protect it from the following external influences; namely, leakage currents, electrostatic fields, magnetic fields, and electromagnetic waves. Apparatus is guarded against leakage currents which may flow over or through the solid insulators on which the apparatus is supported. It is shielded against leakage currents which flow through the fluid in which the instrument is immersed. By a proper arrangement of guards and shields any apparatus can be completely protected against leakage currents. Any apparatus can be completely shielded from electrostatic fields by placing it in a metallic case. However, there may be electrostatic reactions between the apparatus and the shield, thus introducing rrors in the measuring apparatus. Shielding apparatus from magnetic fields requires that the apparatus be surrounded by a thick enclosure of magnetic material. The theory of this magnetic shielding has been developed and formulas las for producing the most satisfactory shielding are given. The shielding of an apparatus from electromagnetic waves is largely accomplished by means of eddy currents which these waves set up in the shield. The theory for the production of these eddy currents has been developed and the best location of shields is discussed. Some attention is given to the errors which may be introduced by shielding and some methods are outlined for obviating the necessity of shielding.