Implementation of continuum sensitivity analysis with existing finite element code

A numerical implementation of continuum sensitivity analysis in electromagnetic devices is presented, taking advantage of the convenience of existing finite-element codes. The state of adjoint variables are computed by the finite-element codes, and an adjoint load and the sensitivity coefficients are calculated using postprocessing data. Sensitivity evaluation can be performed outside of existing finite-element codes, and it can be implemented without finite-element codes, and it can be implemented without extensive access to the insides of standard finite-element codes