Smart smooth muscle spring-dampers

Pulsatile pressure in arteries produces mechanical oscillations. High-frequency vibrations tend to produce mechanical structure injures. Vascular smooth muscle (VSM) could react modulating viscoelasticity to protect the arterial wall, filtering the highest harmonics component present in the large and rapid slope of blood pressure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the filtering performance exerted by vascular smooth muscle in the human common carotid artery (CCA) in normotensive (NT, smart spring-dampers turned on), hypertensive (HT, smart spring-dampers in action) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors-treated hypertensive patients (HT-treated, smart spring-dampers tuned), and in harvested human CCA segments (smart spring-dampers turned off). Human carotid arteries in vitro experiments (n=14) and in vivo studies (n=24) were performed, using adaptive modeling techniques to calculate mechanical impedance and creep (tau _C) and stress relaxation (tau_SR) time constants. This adaptive procedure was tested in vitro in harvested CCA mounted in a circulation mock. A confirmatory measure of damping was achieved by using the half-power bandwidth method (f_C) derived from the pressure-diameter frequency dependence using Bode diagrams, i.e., a compliance transfer function (diameter/pressure). Energy dissipation was calculated from the imaginary part of this function. Low-pass frequency responses were verified with a flat plateau up to a relatively stable frequency corner f_C in the Bode diagram of the complete third-order model. Simplified first-order model cutoff frequencies were 2.7, 2.8, and 3.0 Hz for NT, HT, and HT-treated, respectively, showing an interesting constancy between groups. Smooth muscle tonus proved to preserve f_C as well as tau_C. Energy dissipation in hypertensive patients (n=12) three-folded NT values and tended to be restored in HT-treated by means of a decrease in tau_SR\n\n\t\t