نابرابري فضايي سرمايه اجتماعي در مناطق روستايي استان خراسان رضوي

Analysis of the Relationship between Good Governance of countries and Urban Quality of Life

مقدمه:آنچه كه از واكاوي نوشته هاي سرمايه اجتماعي روستاها به دست مي آيد اين است كه مفهوم سرمايه اجتماعي به ويژه با بُعد فضايي مي تواند به عنوان رهيافتي جامع براي تحقق پايداري اجتماعي مناطق روستايي به حساب آيد. روش: در اين پژوهش از روش توصيفي- تحليلي و پيمايش استفاده شد. حجم نمونه به شيوه تصادفي طبقه بندي شده در محيط GIS و توسط ابزار Hawths Analysis Tools (توسط اين ابزار روستاها با درنظر گرفتن موقعيت طبيعي، فاصله تا نزديكترين شهر و تعداد خانوار طبقه بندي شدند) مجموعاً 18 روستا با تعداد 378 نفر به دست آمد. ابزار تحقيق پرسشنامه است. ميزان روايي گويه هاي تبيين كننده سرمايه اجتماعي با استفاده از آماره آزمون بارتلت و KMO برابر 0/71 و ضريب آلفاي كرونباخ به دست آمده نيز 0/89 مي باشد. يافته ها : روستاهاي ديزاديز، گوهردشت، قله زو، برآباد، شوراب و خيرآباد داراي سرمايه اجتماعي زياد؛ روستاهاي گرماب، گروه، كريز، آبگاهي، جابوز و سده داراي سرمايه اجتماعي متوسط؛ و روستاهاي استاي، حصار، مريچگان، صفي آباد، رباط و پيوه ژن داراي سرمايه اجتماعي كم هستند. همچنين وضعيت شاخصهاي سرمايه اجتماعي به تفكيك طبقات موردمطالعه نيز نشان داد، طبقه اول (روستاهاي دشتي با فاصله اندك از شهر و تعداد خانوار زياد)، بالاترين ميانگين را در ارتباط با شاخصهاي مشاركت، شبكه هاي اجتماعي، عضويت در نهادهاي دولتي/ خصوصي و مردم نهاد، رضايت از عملكرد نهادها و نيز آگاهي و دانش بومي و رسمي دارا مي باشند؛ طبقه دوم (روستاهاي دامنه اي با فاصله متوسط از شهر و تعداد خانوار در سطح متوسط)، تنها در ارتباط با شاخص همبستگي اجتماعي ميانگين بالايي را به خود اختصاص داده اند؛ و طبقه سوم (روستاهاي كوهستاني با فاصله زياد از شهر و تعداد خانوار اندك)، به لحاظ هنجارهاي اجتماعي، اعتماد و امنيت از وضعيت بسيار مطلوبي برخوردارند. اولويت بندي روستاهاي نمونه با مدل تاپسيس نيز نشان مي دهد، روستاهاي ديزاديز (قوچان) و پيوه ژن (مشهد) به ترتيب داراي بيشترين و كم ترين سرمايه اجتماعي هستند. بحث: مناطق روستايي از كمبود سرمايه اجتماعي كه راهكاري موثر جهت دستيابي به توسعه پايدار روستايي است، رنج مي برند. بخشي از نابرابري فضايي سرمايه اجتماعي در روستاهاي مورد مطالعه ناشي از تفاوت در ميزان برخورداري از سرمايه اجتماعي درون گروهي و سرمايه اجتماعي برون گروهي است. كم توجهي و سرمايه گذاري اندك در زمينه تقويت و توسعه سرمايه اجتماعي برون گروهي از جمله اطلاع رساني و آگاهي بخشي ضعيف روستاييان در ارتباط با نهادهاي غيررسمي و داوطلبانه، روابط و تعاملات اندك و ناپيوسته، شبكه هاي اجتماعي ضعيف، فراهم نبودن زمينه مشاركت روستاييان در برنامه ريزي هاي مختلف مربوط به روستا و .... و به طوركلي شركت ندادن روستاييان در بازي هاي اجتماعي، اقتصادي و سياسي سبب عدم توسعه و تقويت سرمايه اجتماعي برون گروهي روستاها در منطقه مورد مطالعه گرديده است.

Introduction: What is the analysis of social capital in rural areas can be achieved by the concept of social capital، particularly with spatial dimensions can be defined as a comprehensive approach to achieving social stability in rural areas to be considered. Therefore، the necessary condition for the development of any society، especially rural communities، is comprehensive development، the establishment of warm relations، the development of social cohesion، the development of social participation and، most importantly، mutual trust (individual، society and government)، which this structure they are components of social capital that are understood in the context of space / spatial. The study of social capital in space / spatial is a new attitude that geography science is its shareholder and as a distinction with other sciences. Some sociologists have pointed out in their studies that social relations are based on spatial، which makes a difference. In other words، society is necessarily built in spatial، and the spatial organization of society plays a role in how society functions. Some studies have shown that rural areas have a much lower social capital than urban areas. In relation to Iran’s villages، in the past، the level of solidarity and social cohesion، participation، and trust has been higher due to the homogeneous environment and the ethnic relationships that villagers have with each other. But today، each of these concepts in rural areas has become faint in terms of bridging social capital. Method: The methodology in this paper is analytical methodology based on qualitative and quantitative methods. The sample volume was selected by stratified random in the GIS by means Hawths Analysis Tools (6 villages from each stratum)، that a total of 18 villages with 378 people were selected from total villages in Khorasan Razavi province. The research tool is a survey and a questionnaire. Validity of social capital questionnaire by Bartlett test and KMO was 0.71 and 0.79 for Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. In order to select social capital indicators، the indexes were indexed initially with a critical analysis of the studies carried out and in the second step; the primary indicators were screened to identify the social capital indicators in sustainable rural development and were limited to the main index. Then، these indices were analyzed according to their frequency in different sources and the main indicators were extracted. Then a questionnaire was prepared of these indices. Finally، by conducting surveys and surveys by experts and scientific experts of the country، a suitable and indigenous collection of social capital indicators in rural areas was presented. Findings: The TOPSIS technique to ranking well in the rural areas of the sample were classified that Dizadiz، Gohardasht، Gholezu، Barabad، Shurab and Kheirabad with high social capital; Garmab، Goruh، Keriz، Abgahi، Jabuz and Sedeh intermediate social capital and so Ostay، Hesar، Merichegan، Safiabad، Robat and Pivejan with low social capital. Also the results show that Dizadiz is the highest social capital and Pivejan the lowest social capital. Also، the status of social capital indicators by the classes studied also showed that the first group (plain villages with a little distance from the city and a large number of households) has the highest average in relation to participation indicators، social networks، membership in NGO and public institutions، the satisfaction of institutions، as well as knowledge. The second group (foothill villages and with a medium distance from the city and a medium of households) have a high average in relation to the social solidarity index، and the third group (Mountainous villages with far away from the city and the little households) have a very favorable situation in terms of social norms، trust and security. The results show that of the 18 villages studied Dizadiz is the highest social capital and Pivejan the lowest social capital. Discussion: the rural areas suffer of lack of social capital that is one of the most important types of development capitals and as a strategy for achieving rural sustainable development. Part of the social inequality of social capital in the studied villages is due to the difference in the level of bonding social capital and bridging social capital. Lack of investment and attention in strengthening and developing of bridging social capital Including scant Awareness and informing villagers about informal and voluntary organizations (NGOs)، little and discontinuous relationships and interactions، poor social networks، lack of provision for participation of villagers in various planning and .... In general، the lack of participation of villagers in social، economic، and political actions has led to the lack of development and strengthening of bridging social capital among rural areas studied. Therefore، achieving the desired state of social capital and reducing the spatial inequalities of social capital requires filling the gap between bonding social capital and bridging social capital in rural areas. The important issue that our rural areas are extremely confronted and can be considered as one of the main reasons for the mustiness of rural areas in Iran.