پديد آورندگان :
رضايي، مريم دانشگاه سمنان - دانشكدهٔ روانشناسي و علوم تربيتي مهدي شهر , مكوند، شاهرخ دانشگاه سمنان - دانشكدهٔ روانشناسي و علوم تربيتي مهدي شهر , بيگدلي، ايمان الله دانشگاه فردوسي مشهد - دانشكدهٔ علوم تربيتي و روانشناسي
كليدواژه :
پرهيز مداوم , مت آمفتامين , توجه پايدار , بازداري پاسخ , حافظه آينده نگر
چكيده فارسي :
زمينه و هدف: مت‌آمفتامين محركي بسيار اعتيادآور و مقلد دستگاه سمپاتيك است كه در حال حاضر به‌صورت گسترده سوء‌مصرف شده و داراي اثرات مخربي بر كاركردهاي اجرايي است. از آن‌جايي كه يافته‌هاي پژوهش‌ها دربارهٔ اثربخشي پرهيز بر روي انواع كاركردهاي اجرايي در اين افراد متناقض است، بنابراين در اين پژوهش به بررسي تأثير پرهيز بر بهبود توجه پايدار، بازداري پاسخ، و حافظهٔ آينده‌نگر در سوءمصرف‌كنندگان قبلي اين ماده پرداخته شد.
روش‌بررسي: در اين مطالعه 20 سوءمصرف‌كنندهٔ مزمن مت‌آمفتامين از طريق نمونه‌گيري در دسترس انتخاب شده و در فواصل 2 هفته، 2 ماه و 6 ماه پرهيز از اين ماده ارزيابي شد. به‌منظور بررسي توجه پايدار، بازداري پاسخ، و حافظهٔ آينده‌نگر به‌ترتيب از آزمون‌هاي عملكرد پيوسته، رنگ‌واژه استروپ و پرسشنامهٔ سنجش حافظهٔ مربوط به آينده استفاده گرديد. داده‌ها با كمك آزمون تحليل واريانس اندازه‌هاي تكراري تجزيه و تحليل شد.
يافته‌ها: ميانگين نمرهٔ توجه پايدار در سه مقطع زماني مختلف، تفاوت معناداري با يكديگر نداشت (0٫21p=). ميانگين نمرهٔ بازداري پاسخ در سه مقطع زماني مختلف تفاوت معناداري با يكديگر نداشت (0٫47=p). ميانگين حافظهٔ آينده‌نگر در سه مقطع زماني مختلف تفاوت معناداري با يكديگر نداشت (0٫54=p).
نتيجه‌گيري: پژوهش حاضر نشان داد پرهيز از مصرف مت‌آمفتامين در سوءمصرف‌كنندگان مزمن اين ماده، بهبود معناداري در توجه پايدار، بازداري پاسخ و حافظهٔ آينده‌نگر را موجب نمي‌گردد. اين يافته‌ها بيانگر عدم تأثير پرهيز بر جنبه‌هاي شناختي اعتياد است كه البته بايستي با احتياط استفاده شود.
چكيده لاتين :
Background and Objective: Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly addictive stimulant and sympathomimetic, which is widely abused in the
world and imposes substantial global public health and costly social burdens. There is a growing evidence of potential psychological problems
and cognitive impairments as a result of prolonged METH use in humans. Individuals with substance dependence frequently show signs of
impaired executive functions after prolonged drug abuse. Among these functions, sustained attention, inhibition response, and prospective
memory show higher decline and have been studied over and over again. Nonetheless, few studies have examined the role of use abstinence on
executive functioning deficits. Those few who did study the phenomenon reported mixed results without consensus. Addressing this research
gap, the current study aimed to evaluate the effect of sustained use abstinence on improving executive dysfunctions in former chronic METH
abusers.
Method: In this quasi-experimental study, 20 former chronic METH abusers who recently initiated abstinence use (34.9 ± 3.7 yrs. of age) were
selected via multistage sampling. All the participants had been diagnosed with MA dependence as determined by the Structured Clinical
Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID) and had been drug abstinent a maximum of two weeks. Random urine screens were performed at the
referring sites to verify drug abstinence, with none of the screens yielding positive results. Evaluations were carried out in intervals of two weeks,
two months, and six months after last METH abuse. The participants were administered Continuous Performance Test (CPT), a measure of
future memory, and Color- Word Stroop Test to assess sustained attention, prospective memory and response inhibition. Three measures were
obtained from CPT (Omission error, commission error, Reaction Time), four measures were obtained from a future memory inventory (selforiented
short-term memory, environment oriented short-term memory, self-oriented long-term memory, environment oriented long-term
memory) and five measures were obtained from Color- Word Stroop Test (congruent error, incongruent error, congruent reaction time,
incongruent reaction time, interference score). The data were analyzed by Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (GLMRM).
Results: Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance revealed no significant differences between any components of sustained attention (P=0.21).
The results of Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance also revealed no significant differences between response inhibition (P=0.47) and
prospective memory (P=0.54) scores at two weeks, two months, and six months after last METH abuse.
Conclusion: Chronic MA use is becoming increasingly prevalent and leads to a host of harmful health outcomes, including cognitive dysfunction
and psychiatric complications. Findings revealed that despite whatever benefits might be seen in the short-term (one month) of use abstinence,
there appears to be no period of neuropsychological recovery that may continue over six months, of sustained abstinence. The present study
showed that use abstinence (both short and long-term) does not have any significant effect on sustained attention, response inhibition and
prospective memory in former chronic abusers of methamphetamine with possible significant clinical implications for the prevention of relapse.
Alternatively, it may be that MA-associated deficits within these executive functioning domains may take longer periods of abstinence (e.g.,
greater than a year) to show significant recovery. These findings demonstrate no impact of use abstinence on cognitive aspects of addiction and
irreversibility of METH-associated cognitive deficits, which it is advised to be administered with caution.
