بررسي انعطاف‌ پذيري شناختي و تأثير آموزش آن بر بهبود انعطاف‌پذيري شناختي نوجوانان با ناتواني هوشي

Effect of Cognitive Flexibility on Cognitive Flexibility in Adolescents with Intellectual Disability

هدف: كاركردهاي اجرايي شامل برجسته‌ترين ابعاد و عمليات شناختي است كه براي رفتار منسجم و هدفمند نقش پيچيده‌اي ايفا مي‌كنند. اين فرايندها با قشر پيش‌پيشاني ارتباط دارد. هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسي انعطاف‌پذيري شناختي و تأثير آموزش آن بر بهبود انعطاف‌پذيري شناختي نوجوانان باناتواني هوشي است. روش‌بررسي: طرح پژوهش از نوع مطالعات شبه‌آزمايشي با پيش‌آزمون و پس‌آزمون همراه با دو گروه آزمايشي و كنترل بود. از ميان نوجوانان پسر باناتواني هوشي كه در مراكز حرفه‌‌آموزي استثنايي استان كرمانشاه مشغول به تحصيل بودند، 24 نفر ازطريق نمونه‌گيري هدفمند انتخاب ‌‌شده و در دو گروه آزمايش و كنترل قرار گرفتند. گروه آزمايش هفته‌اي دوبار و طي 15 جلسهٔ 45دقيقه‌اي، آموزش‌هاي انعطا‌ف‌پذيري شناختي را دريافت كردند. بااستفاده از آزمون دسته‌بندي كارت‌هاي ويسكانسين، نشانهٔ اختلال در هر دو گروه ارزيابي شد. براي بررسي داده‌هاي گردآوري‌شده، آزمون آماري تحليل كوواريانس چندمتغيري به‌كار گرفته شد. يافته‌ها: بااستفاده از تكنيك‌هاي شناختي و تمرين‌هاي آن انعطاف‌پذيري شناختي افزايش يافت. مقايسهٔ ميانگين گروه آزمايشي و كنترل پس از مداخله درزمينهٔ انعطاف‌پذيري شناختي تفاوت آماري معناداري را نشان داد (0٫001>p). نتيجه‌گيري: درمجموع مداخلهٔ انعطاف‌پذيري شناختي به‌طور معناداري انعطاف‌پذيري شناختي را در جامعهٔ بررسي‌شده بهبود داد. ازآنجاكه آموزش شناختي يكي از روش‌هاي متداول آموزش است، درمانگران با يافتن فنوني براي افزايش انعطاف‌پذيري شناختي و آموزش آن به افراد داراي اختلال مي‌توانند افق‌هاي تازه‌اي در برابر درمان مشكلات شناختي ايجاد كنند.

Objective: Intellectual disability is a disability characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills. This disability originates before the age of 18.Students diagnosed with intellectual disability, who receive special education services, should be provided with access to the general education curriculum, so they can interact with and learn from and alongside typical classmates. Special attention should be paid to the development of functional academic skills for these students. Functional academics refer to reading and mathematics skills that are used frequently in everyday life. In general, people with intellectual disability are less efficient at learning than are other people. This impairment in learning efficiency is roughly consistent with overall IQ level. Specific cognitive deficits often exist in such areas as memory, attention, or language. IDEA entitles every child with intellectual disability from age 3 through 21 to a free appropriate public education through an individualized education program (IEP). Cognitive flexibility has played essential roles in all of life aspects of people, typically in adolescents with intellectual and developmental disability. Therefore, the training cognitive flexibility programs led to improvement of cognitive flexibility. Executive functions included the most prominent aspects of the cognitive operations that are coherent and purposeful behavior which plays a complex role. The prefrontal cortex links with executive function processes. In the current research, the effect of cognitive flexibility training on cognitive problems in adolescents with intellectual disability was investigated. Methods: The study employed a pretest-posttest control group quasi-experimental design. The participants in the study were 24 adolescents with intellectual and developmental disability recruited from among students in the career training centers for adolescents with special needs in Kermanshah-Iran. The experimental group received cognitive flexibility training program consisting of 15 sessions of 45-minutes, two times a week. The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test was used to evaluate two group’s symptoms. Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) was used to test the research hypotheses. Results: The results of this study showed that the cognitive flexibility training program have a significant effect on cognitive problems in adolescents with intellectual disability in addition, the results of this study (P<0.001). Conclusion: The findings reveled improving cognitive flexibility can be used as intervention to decrease cognitive problems in adolescent with intellectual and developmental disability. In cognitive flexibility theory, mental health is considered to be an acceptance of self’s internal and external environments, self- acceptance and commitment to activities which are consistent in terms of value. Since cognitive training is one of the common methods of training, introducing effective techniques to increase the cognitive flexibility and optimizing patient education may offer new perspectives in the management of cognitive problems.