ﺗﺎﻣﻠﯽ ﺑﺮ اﺧﻼق ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺖ در ﻣﮑﺘﺐ ﺗﺮﺑﯿﺘﯽ ﺳﻌﺪي

A moderate Particularism approach from Sae'di's ethical perspective compared with the ethic of care

سعدي در عرصه نظم و نثر جزو كساني است كه به بُعد اخلاق توجه ويژه اي داشته است. مضمون بوستان سعدي، كه اولين اثر مدون وي و جزو شاهكارهاي بي رقيب شعر فارسي است، اخلاق و تربيت و سياست و اجتماعيات مي باشد كه در ده باب گردآوري شده است. گلستان نيز گرچه هشت باب مختلف و يك مقدمه دارد اما، مضمون اصلي تمام باب هاي آن اخلاق است و نكته برجسته اين آثار حكاياتي است كه همه، انسان بااخلاق را با زباني نرم و دلنشين براي مخاطب مي شناساند. سعدي توانسته است اثري كاملاً شخصي در بهترين سنت رساله هاي اخلاقي فارسي پديد آورد. نكته حايز اهميتي كه در مداقه اين آثار به دست مي آيد، عبارت است از نقش موثر توام عقل و احساس در اجراي اصول اخلاقي در جامعه كه بيانگر هدف غايي سعدي مي باشد چرا كه، هدف او شناساندن اصول اخلاقي براي مردم نيست بلكه، جاري ساختن اخلاق متعهدانه در روح تك تك افراد جامعه مي باشد كه براي نيل به اين مقصود اخلاق سنتي و اخلاق مراقبت در كنار هم و با هدايتگري نبوغ حكيم نوانديش ايفاي نقش مي كنند. در اين مقال سعي بر آن است روش كاربرد توام عقل و عاطفه را از ديدگاه تربيتي سعدي واخلاق مراقبت را عيان تر طرح نماييم.

As beginning to know himself, human being felt an urgent need providing his psychological security whose presence brought security both for him and for those with him. This need associated with human spirit cannot be something other than ethics/morality. Since bearing a concealed esteem in nature, moral laws always carry enforcement which has caused the ethics to be in a level and dignity beyond a nation's movements and historical development. Within the limit of these morals, each culture and community defines and establishes itself. Undoubtedly, the key to the development of each nation's culture is the eternity of these ethics. Recognizing both human and morality in addition to the obligatory presence and enforcement of ethics in communities, Sae'di has accurately and deliberately found out that human spirit owns delicacy to fertilize moral individualities which demands some skills. Such skills are in a way that an overview on ethics should be avoided, which does not mean inclusion of morality for a special group in a community but considering the circumstance of each community, ethics should be defined in a way to be enforced every time and place. This issue, by nature, resembles a debate raised by psychologists as ethics of care in the 19th and 20th. The only difference between them is that the former one does exclude the latter one's extremism.