بررسي سير آفاقي طبيعت و عناصر آن با تكيه بر آيات قرآني در اشعار مولانا

The Study of Metaphysical Traverse of Nature and Its Elements with Consideration of Quranic Verses in Rumi’s Poetry

از ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ اﻣﺮوز ﺷﻌﺮا در اﺷﻌﺎر ﺧﻮد از ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ و ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ آﻓﺎﻗﯽ آن ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪي ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧﯽ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ، ﻣﺪح، ذم، ﺗﻐﺰل، ﻣﺮﺛﯿﻪ و... ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮده اﻧﺪ. ﻧﻤﻮد ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ در اﺷﻌﺎر ﻣﻮﻻﻧﺎ اﻋﻢ از ﻣﺜﻨﻮي و ﻏﺰﻟﯿﺎت ﺷﻤﺲ در راﺳﺘﺎي روﯾﮑﺮد آﻓﺎﻗﯽ او ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺎن ﻫﺴﺘﯽ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر زﯾﺎد اﺳﺖ اﯾﻦ ﺣﻀﻮر ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ ﮐﺜﺮت و ﺗﻌﺪاد اﺑﯿﺎت اﺳﺖ و ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ ﺗﻨﻮع ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ. آﻧﭽﻪ ﺷﺎﻋﺮان ﻋﺎرف ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﮐﺮده اﻧﺪ، ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﻓﺮادﻧﯿﺎﯾﯽ و ﺳﺮﺷﺎر از اﺑﻬﺎم و ﻧﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﮕﯽ و ﭘﯿﭽﺶ اﺳﺖ در ﮔﺬر از آﻓﺎق ﺑﻪ اﻧﻔﺲ ﺗﺼﺎوﯾﺮ ﺷﻌﺮي ﺷﻌﺮ ﻋﺮﻓﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﻣﻌﻘﻮل ﻋﺎرﻓﺎﻧﻪ را در ﻣﻌﺮض دﯾﺪ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ. ﺳﻬﻢ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ و ﭘﺪﯾﺪه ﻫﺎي ﭘﺮ ﺗﻌﺪاد آن در اﯾﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮﺳﺎزي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ اﺳﺖ. اﻧﺪﯾﺸﯿﺪن درﺑﺎره ي ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ در ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد اﻧﺪﯾﺸﯿﺪن اﺳﺖ، ﺷﻌﺮي ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ آﻓﺎق و ﭘﺪﯾﺪه ﻫﺎي ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ آن ﺑﭙﺮدازد در ﻫﻤﻪ ي زﻣﺎن ﻫﺎ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﺎﻋﺮان ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ وﺻﻒ آن ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ و ﺑﺮﺧﯽ دﯾﮕﺮ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﻓﮑﺮي، روﺣﯽ، ﻧﮋادي، دﯾﻨﯽ و ﻋﻘﯿﺪﺗﯽ ﺧﻮد را ﺑﺎ ﮐﻤﮏ آن ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻪ ي ﻇﻬﻮر رﺳﺎﻧﺪه اﻧﺪ. ﺷﻌﺮ ﮐﻼﺳﯿﮏ ﻋﺮﻓﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺿﺮورت اﻧﺪﯾﺸﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﺼﻮﻓﻪ و ﻋﺮﻓﺎ و ﮔﺸﺖ و ﮔﺬار و ﺗﻔﺮّج آﻧﺎن در آﻓﺎق و دﯾﺪن ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ، ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرﺗﯽ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ از ﭘﺪﯾﺪه ﻫﺎي ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺑﻬﺮه ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد اﯾﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ و ﺗﺼﺎوﯾﺮ ﺷﻌﺮي آﻓﺎﻗﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺟﺪي ﺑﺎ ﺳﻨﺎﯾﯽ آﻏﺎز ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد و ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﻻﻧﺎ ﺑﻪ ژرﻓﺎي ﻣﻌﻨﺎي اﻧﻔﺴﯽ ﺧﻮد ﻣﯽ رﺳﺪ. ﻣﻮﻻﻧﺎ ﺑﺎ اﯾﺠﺎد ﭘﻠﯽ ﻣﯿﺎن ﻋﺎﻟﻢ آﻓﺎق و اﻧﻔﺲ ﻧﺤﻮه ي ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﻌﺮ ﺳﻨﺘﯽ ﻋﺮﻓﺎﻧﯽ و ﮔﺬر از ﻣﺤﺴﻮس ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﺤﺴﻮس و ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮاﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ را ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪه ﺑﺮ آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ روش ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ- ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي ﺿﻤﻦ ﺑﯿﺎن اﺟﻤﺎﻟﯽ ﻧﺤﻮه ي ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎرﮔﯿﺮي ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ و ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ آن در ﺷﻌﺮ ﻋﺮﻓﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﻮﻻﻧﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮه ي ﺗﻔﺎوت ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد اﯾﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ آﻓﺎﻗﯽ در ﻣﻌﻨﺎي اﻧﻔﺴﯽ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﭙﺮدازد، ﭼﺮا ﮐﻪ در اﺷﻌﺎر ﻣﻮﻻﻧﺎ ﺳﯿﺮاﻧﻔﺴﯽ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان اﺑﺰاري ﺑﺮاي اﻟﻘﺎي ﻣﻌﺎﻧﯽ و ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﻋﺮﻓﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر ﻣﯽ رود.

Since time immemorial the elements of nature and their metaphysical traverse have been reflected in the literary works and the poets have referred to them in order to describe, eulogize, reproach, elegize and lyricize others. The manifestation of Nature could be found abundantly in Rumi’s Mathnavi and Divan-e Shams, and it is due to his metaphysical acknowledgement of the world. This claim is proved by the great variety of those element in the immense bulk of his verses. The mystic poets have experienced extraterrestrial conceptions that are intricate and mysterious and have reflected them in the imagery of their poems, wherein the Nature and natural phenomena are significantly present. Thinking of the Nature is in fact thinking of oneself, and a poem dealing with the Nature and the beyond has always been the concern of the poets in all times; though the poet who pioneered this applying of metaphysical imagery in his poetry is Sanāʾi. Rumi, on the other hand, refined it to its highest level, making a bridge between physical and metaphysical worlds through providing the classic poetry with mystical companionship. The researchers in this paper have applied a library-based descriptive-analytical approach to study how Rumi has used the Nature and its elements in his mystical poetry as well as the ways he has modified the metaphysical notions through physical purports.