تفسير و تحليل نگرشي تطبيقي به ريشه ‌هاي سه جنبش حركه الاحياء، كلاسيسم و بازگشت ادبي

The Origins of Three Literary Movements: Literary Return, Classicism, Recreation Movement (A Comparative Analysis)

در ادﺑﯿﺎت ﻏﺮب از آﻏﺎز ﻗﺮن ﺷﺎﻧﺰدﻫﻢ ﺗﺎ ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻢ، ﻧﻬﻀﺖ ﮐﻼﺳﯿﺴﻢ ﯾﺎ ﺳﻨﺖﮔﺮاﯾﯽ ﭘﯿﺪا ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد و ﺷﺎﻋﺮان و ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧﯽ ﭼﻮن ﻣﻮﻟﯿﺮ، راﺳﯿﻦ و ... از آﺛﺎر ﺑﺰرگ ادﺑﯽ ﯾﻮﻧﺎن و ﻻﺗﯿﻦ، ﺗﻘﻠﯿﺪ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ. در ادﺑﯿﺎت ﻋﺮب ﻫﻢ ﭼﯿﺰي ﺷﺒﯿﻪ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺣﺮﮐﮥ اﻻﺣﯿﺎء ﯾﺎ ﺟﻨﺒﺶ ﺑﺎزآﻓﺮﯾﻨﯽ وﺟﻮد دارد. دوره ﺑﺎزﮔﺸﺖ در اﯾﺮان ﻧﯿﺰ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ اي از ﻫﻤﮥ ﺳﺒﮏ ﻫﺎ و ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻬﻢ ادﺑﯽ دوره ﻗﺒﻞ اﺳﺖ. ﮔﻮﯾﯽ ادﺑﯿﺎت اﯾﻦ ﺳﻪ دوره ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮوري ﻫﻤﻪ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ در ﻣﯿﺮاث ﺧﻮد اﺣﺘﯿﺎج داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﺟﺴﺘﺎر ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﺎﻫﯽ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯽ ﺑﻪ اﺻﻮل و ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ رﯾﺸﻪ ﻫﺎي اﯾﻦ ﺳﻪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ وﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در اﯾﻦ آﺛﺎر اﺛﺒﺎت ﺧﻮاﻫﯿﻢ ﮐﺮد ﮐﻪ در رﯾﺸﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻌﺮ اﯾﻦ ﺳﻪ دوره، از ﻧﻈﺮ اﺻﻮل و ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﻓﮑﺮي و ﻫﻨﺮي و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﺗﮑﻨﯿﮏ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻼﻏﯽ، ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺮاواﻧﯽ وﺟﻮد دارد؛ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﺎ رﯾﺰﺑﯿﻨﯽ و ﻣﺪاﻗﻪ در ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺷﺎﻋﺮي ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ در آﺛﺎر اﯾﻦ دوران، ﺑﻪ آﺷﮑﺎرﺳﺎزي اﯾﻦ دﻗﯿﻘﻪ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ دﻻﯾﻞ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك روي آوردن ﺷﻌﺮاي ﺳﻪ دوره ﺑﺎزﮔﺸﺖ، ﺣﺮﮐﮥ اﻻﺣﯿﺎء و ﮐﻼﺳﯿﺴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ و دوﺧﺘﻦ ﻧﮕﺎﻫﺸﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻮه ادﺑﯿﺎت ﻗﺪﻣﺎي ﺧﻮد ﭼﻪ ﭼﯿﺰ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ.

The 16th and 17th centuries witness the emergence of Classicism or Traditionalism in western literature, when great poets and authors like Molière and Jean Racine imitate the Greek and Latin works. Similarly, there rose in early twentieth century in Arabic literature such a movement under the name of “Harekatol Ehya” (Recreation Movement). In Persian Literature, “Bazgasht-e Adabi” or “Literary Return Period” is also a move­ment for a return to writing poetry in the classic styles which began in mid-18th century. It seems that the literature in those three periods needed to once again return to and review its heritage. This study aims at tracing back the origins of these three movements to comparatively find out the commonalities with respect to their principles, introspective bases, aestheticism, and techniques of eloquence. Moreover, it is explored the reasons why the poets of these three periods craved for the grace and glory of their precedents.