ملاصدراي شيرازي و ملاهادي سبزواري و نقد نظريات حكما در مسئله وجود ذهني

Philosophies of Mulla Sadra Shirazi and Mulla Hadi Sabzavari and Review of the epistemologists’ ideas on the subjective existence problem

در اين مقاله، ابتدا با دلايلي نظير حكم ايجابي به معدوم، محمول قرار دادن حقايق انتزاعي و اعتباري براي حقايق خارجي و انتزاع مفاهيم كلي و غيره، به اثبات مسأله ي وجود ذهني پرداخته شده و در ادامه حكمايي چون فخر الدين رازي با طرح نظريه ي نسبت اضافه، فاضل قوشچي با بيان نظر مغايرت علم و معلوم و انكار عينيت آن دو و صدر الدين دشتكي با طرح مسأله ي قلب ماهوي و نظريه ي انقلاب ذاتي به ايراد اشكال و انكار مسأله ي وجود ذهني پرداخته اند، كه اين نقادي ها از سوي دو حكيم متأله (ملاصدرا شيرازي و ملاهادي سبزواري) به بحث و پاسخ گزارده شده و در نهايت حكيم صدرالمتألهين شيرازي با ابداع نظريه ي انقلاب در هستي شناسي علم و تساوق علم با هستي محض و تجرد صرف و خروج آن از مقولات و ماهيات و نقش مصدريت و مظهريت نفس در علم و قيام صدوري صور علمي به نفس و منتفي دانستن قيام حلولي آنها به نظريه ي نهايي خود كه مبتني بر تطابق عوالم ذهن و عين مي باشد، به اثبات مسأله ي وجود ذهني مي پردازد.

In this paper, some reasons such as affirmative provision for nonexistence, considering the abstract and nominal facts as portable for exterior facts and abstraction of general concepts, etc., are first introduced to prove the subjective existence problem. Then, the theory of addition relation proposed by some epistemologists like Fakhr al-Din al-Razi is introduced. The problem of subjective existence has been challenged by Fazel Ghoushchi’s idea about the disagreement of knowledge and apparent and identity denial of both, and also by Sadr-al-Din Dashtaki’s idea about the problem of existential counterfeiting and the theory of intuitive revolution. These reviews have been discussed and answered by two theologians, Mulla Sadra Shirazi and Mulla Hadi Sabzavari. Finally, the epistemologist Sadr-al Mote’alehin Shirazi innovates the theory of ‘The revolution in the ontology of knowledge’ and ‘the coupling of knowledge and pure existence and abstraction’. This philosopher brings the discussion out of the issues and essences and considers the manifestation and origination role of the soul in knowledge and soul rising of the scientific forms and ruling out the immanent rising of them and consequently presents his final theory that is based on the conformity of the subjective and objective universes and ultimately proves the problem of the subjective existence.