بررسي عوامل و شرايط مختلف محيطي موثر در شكستن خواب و جوانهزني بذر علف هرز گل گندم مرهمي ( Lam. Centaurea balsamita )

Evaluation the effects of different factors on the seed germination and dormancy-breaking of Knapweed (Centaurea balsamita Lam.)

ﮔﻞ ﮔﻨﺪم ﻣﺮﻫﻤﯽ ( Centaurea balsamita Lam.) ﻋﻠﻒﻫﺮز ﯾﮏ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﺰه از ﺗﯿﺮه ﮐﺎﺳﻨﯽ اﺳﺖ، ﮐﻪ در ﻣﺰارع ﻏﻼت ﭘﺎﯾﯿﺰه ﮐﺸﻮر در ﺣﺎل ﮔﺴﺘﺮش اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﯿﻞ اﺳﻤﺰي، ﺷﻮري، pH، ﻧﯿﺘﺮات ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ، ﺟﯿﺒﺮﻟﯿﻦ و ﻋﻤﻖ دﻓﻦ در دﻣﺎي 20 درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽﮔﺮاد در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ روﺷﻨﺎﯾﯽ ، آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﯽ در ﺳﺎل 1394 در آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮز ﮔﺮوه زراﻋﺖ و اﺻﻼح ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎت ﭘﺮدﯾﺲ ﮐﺸﺎورزي داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ در ﺳﻄﻮح ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﯿﻞ اﺳﻤﺰي، ﺷﻮري، pH، ﻧﯿﺘﺮات ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ، ﺟﯿﺒﺮﻟﯿﻦ و ﻋﻤﻖ دﻓﻦ در دﻣﺎي 20 درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽﮔﺮاد در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ روﺷﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺷﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﮔﻞ ﮔﻨﺪم ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺧﺸﮑﯽ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪود 0/76- ﻣﮕﺎﭘﺎﺳﮑﺎل را داﺷﺘﻪ، وﻟﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻮري ﺧﺎك ﺣﺴﺎس اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺧﺎك از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﻠﯿﺎﯾﯽ و اﺳﯿﺪﯾﺘﻪ، ﺧﺎك ﺧﻨﺜﯽ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﺬور ﮔﻞ ﮔﻨﺪم ﺑﻪ ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎي ﻧﯿﺘﺮات ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ و ﺟﯿﺒﺮﻟﯿﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﯽ واﮐﻨﺶ دادﻧﺪ و درﺻﺪ ﺟﻮاﻧﻪزﻧﯽ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ اﯾﻦ ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ. ﺑﺬور اﯾﻦ ﻋﻠﻒﻫﺮز در ﻋﻤﻖ ﮐﻢ و ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺘﺎ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽﻣﺘﺮي ﺑﺨﻮﺑﯽ ﺳﺒﺰ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ درﺻﺪ ﺟﻮاﻧﻪزﻧﯽ در ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎك اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﯽاﻓﺘﺪ، ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺨﻢ ﻋﻤﯿﻖ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان از ﺳﺒﺰ ﺷﺪن آﻧﻬﺎ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮي ﮐﺮد، زﯾﺮا ﺑﺬر آن رﯾﺰ ﺑﻮده، و ذﺧﯿﺮه ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ اﻧﺪﮐﯽ داﺷﺘﻪ و ﻗﺎدر ﻧﯿﺴﺖ از اﻋﻤﺎق ﺳﺒﺰ ﺷود

Knapweed (Centaurea balsamita Lam.) is an annual winter weed in Asteraceae. It is expanding in winter cereal fields of Iran. During 2015, an experiment was conducted in the Weed Science Laboratory, Department of Agronomy & Plant breeding in the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran. Different levels of osmotic potential, salinity, PH, KNO3, GA3 and burial depths at 20 ̊C were evaluated. Results showed that C. balsamita has a good tolerance to drought stress (-0.76 MPa), but it is sensitive to soil salinity. The best pH is neutral for germination. C. balsamita seeds reacted to KNO3 and GA3 treatment well. By increasing KNO3 and GA3, germination percentage raised. This weed grows in shallow depths (3 cm). Most germination occurs at the soil surface. Deep plowing is, therefore, recommended to prevent seed germination.