چكيده لاتين :
Deviation from the norm, deviation from the rules that governing on the syntagmatic relations of the words, adding the rules on the standard language, displace in parts of sentence, and manipulating in accepted structure of grammar, are collection of methods that most poets use, for arriving to the language of poetry. Principally, use of methods in language that focuses on language instead of message creates foregrounding in language of poetry. Foregrounding in language of poetry, takes shape in two kinds of deviation and extra-regularity, and deviation, takes shape with displace and manipulating in parts of different areas of grammar. Adjective that has a secondary role in the structure of sentence, is so flexible, and has suitable context for deviation. Different deviations in this area, especially in contemporary poetry, create significant variety in application of adjective.
In this article, examining deviation of adjective's structure rules in contemporary literature, we have discussed importance of adjective as unessential grammatical component in deviation. In addition, we have shown flexibility of adjective to acceptance of deviation, and reviewed its impact on richness of language in Persian poetry. On the other hand, we have shown that most of deviation types in adjective structure, had been available in past literature (poetry and prose), for this reason, past literature considered as a treasures of language structures.
Adjectives are groups of words, which describe nouns and determine one or more of their characteristics such as their state, number or amount, etc. In fact, adjectives are so important that some scholars believe that they are more important than simile, metonymy and metaphor. Moreover, they state that the best way to express an image is via using adjectives. Furthermore, some have written about the structure of adjectives, which are being investigated grammatically using two different approaches: Firstly, adjectives are investigated as one of the seven parts of speech. Secondly, they are investigated within linguistic contexts, i.e. sentences. The present paper attempts to study some frequent adjective constructions, which deviate from standard linguistic rules, so that they cause defamiliarization in the poetic language.
In this paper, investigating the deviations from rules in the use of adjectives in contemporary poetry, we have considered the role of adjectives as a dependent one, which indicates the importance of other dependent roles in the syntactic construction of the Persian language. Moreover, investigating deviations from the rules of the standard language in case of adjective constructions emphasizes the flexibility of adjectives in bringing about types of deviations. This indicates the fact that how much manipulating the construction of this dependent can add up to its functional variety, increase its capabilities in the syntactic construction of the sentences, and lead to great linguistic achievements in Persian poetic language.
In this research, we analysed types of deviations in the use of adjectives such as comparative adjectives, phrasal adjectives, negative adjectives and their subcategories in contemporary poetry. However, via introducing examples of these deviations in classical poetry, we emphasized the existence of such strategies in the history of Persian literature to indicate that using this strategy in contemporary poetry is not innovative, but its restructuring classical linguistic constructions.
That poets have paid special attention to the manipulation of adjective constructions indicates the importance of adjectives in foregrounding the language. Studying deviations from the rules of language in adjective constructions, which had existed in classical poetry as well, shows that some contemporary poets have been aware of linguistic achievements of the classical literature. Moreover, this is an indication of the existence of rich inventories of linguistic achievements in the classical poetry. Knowing these achievements can enrich contemporary poetry as well, especially, when this can increase the domain of foregrounding in language to give the chance to the poet to foreground the language from various dimensions.
