بررسي انتقادي تطبيقي صنعت سجع در بلاغت فارسي و عربي

Comparative critical study of riming prose in Persian and Arabic Rhetoric

سجع به‌عنوان يك آرايۀ بديعي مبتني بر آرايش لفظي و ظاهري، در اكثر آثار بلاغي عربي و فارسي مطرح شده است. هدف اين مقاله اين است كه با نگاهي انتقادي و تطبيقي، تطور و تحول اين صنعت را از دوران نخستين بلاغت نويسي تا روزگار معاصر نشان دهد. بدين منظور، سير تاريخي اين صنعت بر اساس زمان و زبان تاليف آثار بلاغي و بديعي مطالعه شد. براي درك بهتر و سهولت كار، انواع و اقسام سجع و آرايه هاي متشكل از آن نظير ترصيع، موازنه و تسميط و تجزيه به صورت متفاوتي طبقه بندي و نقد و بررسي شدند. با تطبيق ديدگاه هاي عربي و فارسي در دوره هاي مختلف اين نتيجه حاصل شد كه در مورد اصول و روش هاي سجع پردازي در اين دو زبان، اختلاف هاي اندكي وجود دارد. بلاغت نويسان فارسي در كليّت صنايع بررسي شده، از علماي بلاغي عرب متاثر گشته اند، اما گاهي نوآوري هايي جزئي در روش و قواعد صنايع ايجاد كرده اند كه تكميل كنندۀ ديدگاه هاي عرب زبانان بوده است. با وجود اين، نارسايي هايي در تعريف صنعت سجع و اصول و قواعد آن وجود دارد كه منجر به انحرافات و خطاهايي در تعريف انواع آن در سطح كلام و در شعر شده است.

Riming prose which is a Figure of speech based on array of words, has been discussed in most rhetorical works of Persian and Arabic. The purpose of this article is the evolution of this figure of speech critically and comparatively from early days of writing rhetoric books to the contemporary time. For this purpose, the historical development of this figure of speech has been investigated based on the time and language of writing these rhetorical works. Different definitions about this figure of speech are presented in these works, some of which have been translated and narrated from previous works. Altogether, equality of end and rhythm of words are the main criterions of riming prose but each of the authors has expressed this equality and harmony in various ways and presented different views on it. In this article, for better understand and ease of work, types of riming prose and related figures of speech to it have been categorized and criticized differently. Riming prose for observance the principles and rules of equality, and its position at the end of the dialects has been divided into parallel, symmetrical and lop- sided types. For this reason, we recall these types main that are located in their main place; at the end of spoken parts and phrases. Riming prose for the length of the rimed prose sentences and the number of these words are divided in the form of Short, medium and long. Given the main position of riming prose, if this figure of speech is used in most of the words of the spoken parts and sentences or in the middle terms of them, some of other forms of figures of speech are created which inlaying, Parallelism and Guaranteed Portmanteau are the most important ones. an‎d if the main types of riming prose are used in the poem or more precisely, in the parts and sections of hemistiches and verses, other figures of speech are created such as tashtir, tasmit, and tajziye. Some of the types that rhetorical scholars and authors have come up with the following of riming prose are completely null and void, and indication of their ignorance and inattention in the historical background of riming prose. They have been added these types with the aim of creation and innovating without any rules and regulations. For this reason, these types have been studied below in vain types. After studying the evolution of the types of riming prose and all figures of speech mentioned and comparing Arabic and Iranian experts' outlooks in different periods, this can be concluded that there are slight differences regarding principles and methods of using riming prose. Persian rhetoricians have been affected by Arabic rhetoricians for the totality of investigated figures and they have created slight innovations in methods and rules of figures of speech. However, there are deficiencies in defining riming prose and its principles and rules which resulted in deviations and errors in defining its types at the level of the word and in the poem