ارزيابي تطبيقي گذرگاه‌هاي همسطح و پل‌هاي عابر پياده در قابليت پياده‌مداري خيابان‌هاي شهري (نمونه موردي: خيابان كريمخان زند شهر تهران)

Comparative Evaluation of the crosswalks and overhead crossings in Walkability of Urban Streets (Case study: Karim Khan-e Zand Street of Tehran city)

وقوع انقلاب صنعتي، رشد شهرنشيني و افزايش جمعيت بر مساحت شهرها تأثير شگرفي گذاشته و سبب افزايش سرسام‌آور تعداد اتومبيل‌ها و خيابان‌هايي شده كه با هدف تسهيل حركت سواره به وجود آمدند. يكي از مهم‌ترين مشكلات مطرح در خيابان‌هاي شهري، تداخل عابر پياده و سواره در گذر عرضي است كه دغدغه‌اي اساسي براي شهروندان به شمار مي‌رود. براي حل اين معضل، احداث پل ‌هاي هوايي در ايران مورد حمايت ارگان‌هاي مربوطه قرار گرفته و قابليتي به منظور افزايش پياده ‌مداري خيابان‌هاي شهري تصور شده است. اين پژوهش كاربردي درصدد ارزيابي تطبيقي پل‌هاي هوايي با عبور همسطح از خيابان‌هاي شهري طبق ديدگاه پياده­مداري است. پژوهش حاضر از نوع توصيفي_تحليلي است و از روش تحليل شبكه‌اي (ANP) براي ارزيابي يافته‌ها بهره گرفته شده است. بدين ترتيب پس از مطالعه مباني نظري پژوهش به روش اسنادي_كتابخانه‌اي، معيارهاي مناسب سنجش قابليت پياده­ مداري به روش دلفي وزن‌دهي شده و جمع‌آوري اطلاعات ميداني به روش پيمايشي با تكميل پرسشنامه از شهروندان در محدوده مورد مطالعه انجام گرفته است. اطلاعات كسب‌ شده براي ارزيابي در نرم‌افزار Super Decisions وارد گرديد و سه امكان انتخاب براي شهروندان، شامل گذر از پل هوايي عادي، گذر به وسيله پل‌هوايي مكانيزه و عبور همسطح از خيابان براي ارزيابي پل‌هاي عابر در قابليت پياده‌مداري خيابان كريمخان زند شهر تهران در نظر گرفته شد. يافته‌ها نشان مي‌دهد كه براساس نقطه‌ نظرات بهره‌برداران به ترتيب معيارهاي امنيت و ايمني، جا‌به‌جايي و دسترسي و شرايط فيزيكي، درجه اهميت بالاتري نسبت به ساير معيارها در انتخاب پل‌هاي عابر پياده براي گذر از عرض خيابان دارند. همچنين برخلاف تصور مديران شهري، عبور عرضي همسطح با كسب امتياز (A=0.36)، از مطلوبيت بيشتري نسبت به پل‌هاي هوايي و پل مكانيزه (B=0.33) از مزيت بيشتري به نسبت پل معمولي (C=0.30) در قابليت پياده‌مداري خيابان برخوردار است كه از اين‌رو تجديد نظري جدي در روند كنوني توسعه پل‌هاي عابر پياده در كشور را ضروري مي‌نمايد.

Industrial revolution, urban growth and population increase have greatly affected the area of cities and have caused a staggering increase in the number of automobiles and streets built to facilitate automobile movement. One of the most important problems in urban streets is pedestrian-vehicle interaction at crossings which is a substantial concern for citizens. Installing footbridges has been supported by related organizations in Iran to solve this problem and increase walkability of the streets. In brief, walkability is the attraction level of places for pedestrians’ presence. Based on the opinion of many urban authorities, footbridge is one of the mobility facilities in crossing the streets. Bridges were used to cross the barriers since a long time ago. However, they were built for avoiding automobiles on the streets and their design were upgraded since about half a century ago. This applied research seeks to comparatively evaluate footbridges and pedestrian crossing in relation to walkability. For this purpose, Karim Khan-e-Zand Street in District 6 of Tehran, between Valiasr Square and Haft-e-Tir Square, was selected as the case study. It is a mechanized footbridge at the intersection with Hafez Street. An ordinary (non-mechanized) footbridge has been installed on it at the intersection of Kheradmand Street. The article is based on the analytical-descriptive method. The Analytic Network Process (ANP) is used to evaluate the findings. After studying the theoretical concepts of research through a documentary-library method, appropriate criteria for walkability assessment are weighted by the Delphi method and field data is collected through survey method using questionnaires distributed among 150 citizens. The obtained data was analyzed by Super Decision software package. Three options were considered for citizens to evaluate footbridges in terms of walkability of Karimkhan-e-Zand Street in Tehran: using non-mechanized footbridges, mechanized footbridges and pedestrian crossing. The findings show that security and safety, mobility, accessibility, and physical conditions are respectively more important than other criteria in selecting footbridges for crossing the street. Furthermore, the least important criteria are attraction and comfort of the path and its maintenance quality, respectively. Among the sub-indicators related to security and safety of paths, crime-related security and presence of others were selected as the most effective ones. The length of path is the most important factor while the slope and topography are the least important factors related to the physical condition of the path. Path lighting in night was selected as the most important sub-indicator related to facilities. Also, path continuity and ease of mobility can be referred to as the most important factors among sub-indicators of movement and accessibility. Finally, with regard to the walkability of streets, despite the opinion of urban managers, level crossing with a score of A=0.36 is more favorable than footbridges, and mechanized footbridge with a score of B=0.33 is more desirable than non-mechanized footbridges with a score of C=0.30. Therefore, it seems that a fundamental review is required in the current trend of development of footbridges in Iran.