كليدواژه :
خانه‌هاي سنتي ايران , محيط مسكوني , كيفيت مسكن , مسكن معاصر , مسكن
چكيده فارسي :
شاخص‌هاي كيفي مسكن همواره به عنوان حساس‌ترين ابزار برنامه‌ريزي مسكن محسوب مي‌شوند. عرصه مسكن به منظور تامين رشد اجتماعي، علاوه بر خود واحد مسكوني، محيط پيرامون آن را نيز در بر مي‌گيرد. در مقاله حاضر سعي بر اين بوده تا با ژرف‌كاوي كيفيت مسكن در خانه‌هاي سنتي ايران، معيارهايي جهت تدوين راهكارهاي موثر براي افزايش كيفيت مسكن معاصر به دست آيد. اين تحقيق به روش كيفي انجام شده و براي ارزيابي نهايي داده‌ها از روش تحليل سلسله مراتبي بهره گرفته شده است. شيوه جمع‌آوري اطلاعات بر پايه چك‌ليست‌هايي براي تكنيك‌هاي مصاحبه، مشاهده، بررسي ويژگي‌هاي مكاني- فضايي و سنجش طرز برخورد بوده و در اين مسير از مطالعات اسنادي و كتابخانه‌اي و تحليل نقشه‌ها استفاده گشته است. بدين منظور در ابتدا نظام‌هاي متعدد سنجش كيفيت محيط‌هاي مسكوني مطالعه و مدلي براي ارزيابي كيفي مسكن تدوين شد. در گام دوم با بررسي عوامل اصلي مدل، 5 شاخص كيفي براي ارزيابي مسكن تعيين گشت. در مرحله بعدي پارامترهاي برگرفته از چك‌ليست‌ها در رابطه با هر شاخص طي بررسي‌هاي رفت و برگشتي نسبت به داده‌هاي ديگر شاخص‌ها و تاثير كلي عوامل تحقيق، تحليل و معيارهاي به دست آمده در رابطه با شاخص‌هاي اصلي در خانه‌هاي سنتي ايران معرفي شد. سپس با تحليل و تفسير اين معيارها و وارد ساختن تاثيرات سبك زندگي، نيازهاي انسان و شرايط جامعه معاصر با امتيازدهي معيارها و الويت‌بندي شاخص‌ها، راهكارهايي جهت بهبود جنبه‌هاي كيفي مسكن معاصر پيشنهاد گشت. بر اساس نتايج اين تحقيق رابطه معناداري بين كيفيت خانه‌هاي سنتي، انسان، معماري و سبك زندگي گذشته وجود دارد كه از سنت‌ها و ارزش‌هاي اصيل سرچشمه مي‌گيرد. همچنين به ترتيب اهميت، شاخص‌هاي نيازهاي انسان، كيفيت محيطي، كالبدي، عملكردي و ساختاري در اين رابطه معنادار سهيم بوده‌اند كه مي‌بايست در طراحي مسكن معاصر مدنظر قرار گيرند. هر چند در مقايسه كلي همگامي متناسب تمامي شاخص‌هاي مطرح به كيفيتي ماندگار منتج شده است.
چكيده لاتين :
Qualitative aspects of housing always considered as the most critical planning tools and
have gained great interest in recent housing research. Housing areas in order to provide
social development, involved the environment around in addition to residential units. This
paper tries to assess the quality of traditional houses, describe and analyze them to achieve
the criteria to devise guidelines in the next step which are effective for increasing the
quality of contemporary housing. Iranian traditional houses have a kind of internal spaces
structure on the basis of religious and traditional ideas of Iranian families.These houses have
manifested native-traditional models of the past history of Iran which have originated from
individual and collective cultures of the people, who have been formed, have grown, have
been manifested and have reached perfection. Study of Iranian contemporary architecture
indicates that it has been changed with regard to its rich and meaningful history during
the time. Roots of the principles governing the traditional houses can be found in Iranian
thoughts and culture. Any building which is constructed aims at fulfillment of some living
needs. Traditional houses are not only a shelter. Residence indicates meaningful link
with the place which can include all of the different levels of private and general life
environment. This link is an effort to find identity and to have attachment feeling toward a
place while our modern houses couldn’t have fulfilled the most primary needs of residence
i.e. tranquility and physical relaxation and generally inspired quality expectations. In this
regard, to reach the aim through qualitative approach and case study strategy, this value of
the Iranian traditional housing was investigated.
This study was carried out by qualitative method and in order to final assess of the data,
AHP method was used. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is a structural technique
to organizing and analyzing complex decisions, based on mathematics and psychology.
Rather than prescribing a «correct» decision, the AHP helps decision makers find one that
best suits their goal and their understanding of the problem. It provides a comprehensive and
rational framework for structuring a decision problem, for representing and quantifying its elements, for relating those elements to overall goals, and for evaluating alternative solutions.
Therefore the method of collecting data was based on lists for interview techniques, observation,
investigate the features of place and space, measuring attitudes and by searching the literature and
documents and maps about the subject. So at first multiple systems of residential environment
quality assessment were studied and then a model to assess the quality of housing for this paper
was developed. In the second step through the main factors of the model, 5 criteria have been
determined to assess the quality of housing.In the next stage parameters derived from the lists
in relation to each criterion were analyzed compared to the data of other criteria and the overall
impact of research factors in reciprocating reviews and alternatives obtained in relation to the
main criteria have been introduced in traditional houses. Then by analyzing and interpreting
of these alternatives and considering the effects of lifestyle, human needs and conditions of
contemporary society strategies to improve the quality aspects of contemporary housing have
been proposed. The term lifestyle can denote the interests, opinions and behavioral orientations
of an individual, group, or culture. The term refers to a combination of determining intangible
or tangible factors. Tangible factors relate specifically to demographic variables, i.e. an
individual›s demographic profile, whereas intangible factors concern the psychological aspects
of an individual such as personal values, preferences, and outlooks. Therefore, a lifestyle is
a means of forming a sense of self and to create cultural symbols that resonate with personal
identity. Not all aspects of a lifestyle are voluntary. Surrounding social and technical systems
can constrain the lifestyle choices available to the individual and the symbols she/he is able
to project to others and the self.According to the results of the research there is a significant
relation between the quality of traditional houses, human, the architecture and the past lifestyle
that emanates from traditions and original values. The evaluation showed that in order of
importance the criteria of human needs, environmental, physical, functional and structural
qualities have contributed in this meaningful relation and among them the first three criteria
are more effective. Although in general comparison the coordinated presence of all proposed
criteria resulted in lasting quality. Recognizing the traditional strategies and perception the
Persian culture and life style can help modern architects to design suitable contemporary house
design. People really need a house that response all its duties, not only merely be a shelter.
Hence the main orientations for the development of housing in the qualitative aspects should
be provided with development of long-term, medium-term and short-term goals. Providing
desirable housing according to the physical and spiritual needs of Iranian families is one of
long-term goals that must be met in the future.
