كليدواژه :
توپولوژي , تئوري چيدمان فضا , پيكره‌بندي فضايي , مسجد جامع , سبزوار
چكيده فارسي :
در يكصد سال اخير، توسعه‌ي شهري در ايران سبب تغييرات عديدهاي در ساختار فضايي شهرها شده است. يكي از مهمترين اين تغييرات، دگرگوني در روابط ميان عناصر شهري و اثرات آن بر ويژگي‌هاي فضايي- عملكردي مسجد است. مسجد جامع شهر سبزوار يكي از عناصر مهم تاريخي شهر مي‌باشد كه علاوه بر عملكرد اجتماعي- مذهبي، نقش مهمي در ارتباط و پيوستگي فضايي هسته‌ي تاريخي شهر سبزوار داشته است. اما امروزه اين عنصر نقش خود را به عنوان يك فضاي اصلي شهري از دست داده است و به صورت منفك از ساير عملكردهاي شهري قرار دارد. مساله‌ي اصلي در اين تحقيق، بررسي و تحليل اثرات پيكره‌بندي شهر و مسجد جامع سبزوار بر روابط فضايي- عملكردي و مقايسه آن در دو دوره‌ي تاريخي (1285- 1394 هجري شمسي) است. هدف از اين تحقيق، بررسي ويژگي‌هاي فضايي مسجد در دو دوره‌ي فوق و سنجش آن در مقايسه با كاركردهاي كنوني آن است. تحقيق از نوع كمي- مقايسه‌اي است و با استفاده از متغيرهاي هم‌پيوندي، اتصال و انتخاب در تئوري چيدمان فضا به تحليل روابط فضايي مي‌پردازد. نكته‌ي قابل توجه در اين تحقيق تحليل توپولوژيك فضاهاي شهري و مقايسه‌ي آنها جهت تحليل روابط عملكردي است. نتايج نشان داد كه مسجد در دوره‌ي تاريخي از وضوح و خوانايي قابل توجهي نسبت به دوره‌ي كنوني برخوردار بوده است. همچنين مسجد و شهر در سال 1285ه.ش. از انسجام فضايي بالايي نسبت به دوره‌ي معاصر برخوردار بودند. علاوه بر اين تحليل توپولوژيك فضاي شهري و رابطه‌ي همبستگي ميان دو متغير هم‌پيوندي و انتخاب نشان داد كه مسجد در سال 1285ه.ش. به واسطه ارتباط كالبدي و فضايي با پيرامون خود علاوه بر نقش اجتماعي- مذهبي به عنوان يك فضاي شهري عمل مي‌كرده است و از نظر عملكردي يكي از جاذب‌ها و انتخاب‌هاي اصلي استفاده‌كنندگان در تردد و استفاده از اين فضا به شمار مي‌رفته‌است؛ درحاليكه در سال 1394 ه.ش. مداخلات گسترده و حذف ارتباط كالبدي- فضايي ميان مسجد جامع و سراهاي مجاور و بافت مسكوني پيرامون سبب تغيير جايگاه مسجد جامع از يك فضاي شهري در ساختار فضايي شهر تاريخي سبزوار و نزول آن به يك عنصر كالبدي و معماري صرف در زمان حال است. از اين رو، امروزه به ميزان زيادي از تعاملات اجتماعي در مسجد جامع سبزوار كاسته شده و مسجد جامع به عنوان يك عنصر كالبدي فقط داراي نقش مذهبي است
چكيده لاتين :
In recent century, urban development has caused be numerous changes in spatial structure of
Iranian cities. One of the most changes has occurred in the relationships between urban elements
and effect on grand the mosque functional spatial characteristics. Sabzevar grand mosque is one
of the important elements of the historic city with religious and social function and had important
role in urban spatial relation and solidarity. But today, this element has lost role as an urban space
and isolated other urban municipal functions. From the spatial characteristics of space, mosque
is a part of urban opens spaces and interacts with it. The position of the mosque by the spatial
configuration analysis and its impact on the use of space, flow and function is explained. Mosque
has formed by open spaces and its relationship with city space in a complex system and has changed
from a mere physical element, to an element with spatial nature. The main research object is to
study of functional and spatial configuration of the city and the mosque and analysis of its effects
on grand mosque spatial and functional properties between two historical periods (1907- 2015).
The aim of this study is to evaluate the spatial characteristics of mosques and comparison with its
existing functions. From Space Syntax theory; situations analysis and how to communicate these
points in the city, indicate accessibility, hierarchy and choosing the paths leading to the specific
points that have a direct relationship with the routing of these characteristics and mental structure
of space urban. The important aspect in this research is topological analysis of urban spaces and
their comparison to analysis of functional relationships. In other words; the availability of space or
urban areas does not necessarily mean short distance and close it (physically), but the availability
and arrangement of space or places dependent on the construction of urban space. Therefore, urban
open spaces and the arrangement of the physical elements followed on space topological characters
such as integration and choice, and features structural and functional relationship forms. Research
is a quantitative-comparative study using spatial parameters as,integration, connectivity and choice
which referred in the theory of space syntax analysis. The results showed that despite an increase of
integration and connectivity the grand mosque in 2015, the standard deviation of historical mosque
in the city has increased. The spatially the grand mosque in 1907, the integration of spatial and physical relationship is better than 2015. The studies of characteristics of the city in two historical
periods indicate that the city of Sabzevar in 1907 was more cohesive and homogeneous nature. In
addition to the grand mosque in historic period the clarity and intelligibility of the city is remarkable.
Therefore; we can say that the element of the grand mosque has remarkable position in the hierarchy
of urban space in this period. Analysis of the space a characteristic the show the grand mosque has
defined as a place in urban space configuration and performed and indicated as an urban space. The
basis of this analysis, evaluation of choice and integration and analysis of correlation of selected
parameter that defined topological space characteristics. In terms of space syntax theory, if you have
highest correlation between choice and integration, it has important position in urban configuration
as functional characteristics. Comparison of results show that the mosque in the historical period,
was as part of a system of communication and coordination with the city›s spatially and functionally.
Therefore, the high integration and intelligibility caused to turn the grand mosque to a key element,
promoting it as a unique space in the city. However, in contemporary times, this relationship is
significantly lower than the historical period and shows that the mosque not only as an urban space
as a physical element associated with urban space and spatial- functional properties. Finally, in the
spatial structure of Iranian cities, the grand mosque was an important element and symbol of the
Muslim community due to their position of spatial- functional properties. The grand mosque is not
only a physical element that is specified by the fence and the wall surrounding the internal spaces,
but rather an active urban element caused to integrated space and the city in global and local level.
