كليدواژه :
فرايند طراحي روستا , مسئله گشايي , مسئله يابي , مسئله طراحي
چكيده فارسي :
يكي از مسائل و مشكلات مترتب بر روستاها در حال حاضر عدم برآورده شدن نيازهاي افراد و گروههاي مردم روستا در تركيب محيط فعلي است. گرچه شناخت كافي از كليه مسائل مترتب بر طراحي به طرح بهتر نميانجامد، اما شناخت كامل مسائل طراحي به‌منظور طراحي بهينه، ضروري است. مشكلات طراحي زماني به وجود ميآيد كه مطالعات اصلي با تمركز بر ارائه راهحلهاي طراحي براي رفع مسئلهاي خاص صورت گرفته و در فرايند طراحي به بررسي مشكلات، بحث درباره مسئله خاص و ارائه ايده طراحي براي رفع آن پرداخته ميشود و به ندرت، به يافتن مسائل و آناليز مشكل مترتب بر طراحي در تصميمگيري و به‌ويژه تأثير راهحل موضعي بر مسائل ديگر توجه ميشود. به‌نظر ميرسد اين مسئله ناشي از عدم آگاهي و شناخت كافي دستاندركاران طراحي و طراحان از مسئلهيابي و مسئلهگشايي در فرايند طراحي است.
در اين مقاله تلاش گرديده به روش توصيفي-تحليلي با استفاده از نظريات انديشمندان، به شناخت و تبيين مسئلهيابي و مسئلهگشايي، به فهم اهميت اين دو موضوع پرداخته و نقش آن‌ها را در فرايند طراحي مورد كنكاش قرار دهد. حاصل اين پژوهش اين است كه مسئله‌محوري يا راهحل محوري دو رويكرد كاملاً مجزا نيستند و در قالب يك فرايند تعاملي و هم‌تكاملي پيش ميروند. از طرفي مسائل طراحي داراي ساختاري نامنظم و پيچيده ميباشند و علاوه بر سه نوع مسائل طراحي يعني مسائل رسا و منظم، مسائل نارسا و نامنظم و مسائل مبهم كه انديشمندان حوزه مطالعات طراحي به آن اشاره مينمايند، به نوع ديگري از مسئله يعني به مسائل گنگ اشاره ميشود كه با نگرشي خلاق قابل شناسايي هستند. ديگر نتيجه اين است كه ارائه يك راهحل براي مشكلات خاص، مسائل ديگر دخيل در فرايند طراحي را تحت تأثير قرار ميدهد و با تغيير يك مسئله و ارائه راهحل موضعي، بايد كل مسائل دخيل در فرايند طراحي مورد بازنگري قرار گيرد.
چكيده لاتين :
The design process proceeds spatial formation and embraces retrofitting, revitalization, preservation, degree of life, and prosperity. Designers strive to create novel good-looking forms compatible with the environment considering human being, culture of the society, norms, behaviors, and characteristics of each community and ethnicity. The design problematics in rural fabric starts to complicate when traditional forms and designerly novelty are both equally significant. In many cases, there is a gap between already existing environment and the rather new expectations of individuals and groups residing in these rural fabrics. This problem can be considered as a specific problem to be addressed by decision-makers.
The initiation of the problem-solving design process requires appropriate understanding of design problem by the designer. When the problem is well defined and the data gathering method is clear, finding a solution is straightforward. However as the information about the problem becomes more extensive, shortcomings in knowledge will surface. Rural design problems are environmentally wicked and the design process requires a relevant understanding of design problematics by the designer. However, in real design circumstances, however, not all design problems are initially well defined and is very unlikely for all the factors influencing the design to be clarified and analyzed at the beginning of the design process.
In Rural design process, problems surface as studies focus on partial solutions to resolve specific issues. Conventional designerly problem seeking and solving, focuses on very specific issues in an analytic reductionist manner. This rarely leads to appropriate identification of the factors affecting design and analysis of the issues relevant to the rural design decision making. In addition, the result of partial solutions on other design issues is often neglected. It appears that this issue is rooted in lack of awareness and insufficient knowledge of problem seeking and problem solving in the design process by design practitioners.
The present research sets out to investigate the nature of problems challenging designers during the design process and their various properties. In addition, factors modifying the relationship between design problems and solutions are further sought. The main attempt was to descriptively and analytically ways to better identify problems and problem-solving based on the literature review in the context of rural fabric design. Considering the fact that design problems often involve intricate, complicated and irregular structures, the present research focuses on three types of design problems: the well-defined or well-structured, the ill-defined or ill-structured, and the wicked. Some design problems are vaguely-defined type, which can be explored using the spirit of the time and a creative approach.
