پديد آورندگان :
وحدتطلب، مسعود دانشگاه هنر اسلامي تبريز - دانشكده معماري و شهرسازي , ياران، علي محمدي وزارت علوم، تحقيقات و فناوري , خوشبين، حامد دانشگاه هنر اسلامي تبريز - دانشكده معماري و شهرسازي
كليدواژه :
مدتزمان ادارك شده , ادراك معماري , يچيدگي در معماري , ادراك زمان , ادراك بصري
چكيده فارسي :
مدتزمان ادراك شده، مي تواند بر عكسالعملهاي حياتي گرفته تا فعاليت و رفتارهاي روزمره تاثير بهسزايي داشتهباشد. پژوهشها نشان دادهاند كه محيط و فضاي اطراف انسانها نيز ميتوانند بر ادراك او از آن فضا يا رويداد تاثيرگذار باشند. مسئلهاي كه در بيشتر پژوهشهاي پيشين انجامشده درمورد زمان ادراك با رويكرد روانشناسي شناختي مورد غفلت قرارگرفته است، درنظر نگرفتن تاثيرمحيط و معماري به عنوان ظرف مكان و رويدادها مي باشد. هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسي دقيقتر رابطه متقابل محيط و به طور دقيقتر معماري بر زمان ادراك افراد ميباشد. همينطور بررسي تاثير جنسيت، كه در بسياري پژوهشها به عنوان يكي از عوامل تاثيرپذير از محيط و تاثيرگذار بر زمان ادراك شده فرد گزارش شده است، ديگر هدف مطالعه حاضر ميباشد. روش تحقيق اين پژوهش به صورت علي- مقايسهاي است. يكصدنفر از دانشجويان دانشكدههاي مختلف دانشگاه هنر اسلامي تبريز در دو آزمون مجزاي رايانهاي شركتدادهشدند كه آزمون اول انتخاب تصاوير مورداستفاده در آزمون زمان ادراك بود. همچنين بهعنوان آزمون قضاوت مدتزمان، دو آزمون بازتوليد زماني با بازه هزارميليثانيه، و آزمون توليد زماني به اندازه صدوبيستثانيه بهصورت همزمان، با چهار محرك بصري معماري، با دو عامل مستقل پيچيدگي در دو سطح و پيشينه ذهني مخاطب در دو سطح، در رويكرد گذشتهنگر درنظر گرفتهشد. نتايج به روش تحليل واريانس با اندازهگيري مكرر چندعاملي و آزمون تعقيبي الاسدي تحليل شدند. يافتهها نشانميدهند كه افراد تصاوير پيچيده را بهطور معناداري طولانيتر نسبت به تصاوير ساده قضاوت مينمايند. همچنين تحليل تاثير تعاملي بين گروهي، در مورد تاثير تصاوير ساده و پيچيده بر دو گروه جنسي دختران و پسران تفاوت معناداري را نشان داد. نتايج بهدستآمده در حوزه بازتوليد و توليد زمان، با نظريههاي ساعت دروني، دروازه توجه و رمزگذاري عصبي مقايسه و تحليل گشت. تطابق يافته ها در زمينه رابطه پيچيدگي تصوير با طول مدتزمان ادراكشده با مدل رمزگذاري عصبي ايگلمن، بيشتر بود، در حالي كه يافتهها در زمينه تاثير تعاملي عامل جنسيت، بر مدتزمان ادراك شده، در عين قابل مقايسه بودن با مدل ساعت دروني، جديد بوده و ميتواند ديدگاه جديد و متفاوتي را وارد اينحوزه از مطالعات نمايد. تكرار اينگونه از پژوهشها به صورت ميانرشتهاي با رويكرد اكولوژيك و محركهاي نزديكتر به محيطهاي واقعي را براي رسيدن به چارچوب نظري دقيقتر و يافتههاي كاربرديتر را ميتوان ضروري دانست
چكيده لاتين :
Façades are one of the architectural physical elements that play a significant role in the aesthetic
preferences on their observer. The façade creates the first and perhaps the most important impact.
Aesthetic is identifying and understanding factors that contribute to perception of an object or
beautiful/pleasant process. In order to assess the beauty of a phenomenon, its factors and visual
qualities should be studied, so finding a measure or a way to evaluate them are one of aesthetics’
priorities. Therefore, not only recognition of visual qualities, but also their quantitative evaluation
is also important in aesthetics. Different visual qualities participate in the formation of façades,
one of which is porosity. If these visual qualities studied, interpreted and measured, their factors,
rules, and attributes can be extracted and using them as variables, the aesthetics of façades can be
evaluated. This research is based on the question of how porosity can be measured and evaluated
as one of the visual quality of façade and what is the relation between the quantitative measures of
these buildings› façade›s porosity?
The purpose of this research is to investigate the concept of porosity as a visual quality and to decode
the art of designing and constructing façades in Iranian-Islamic architecture by quantitatively
measuring the porosity. The study in theoretical part, using the analytical-descriptive method, has
presented a theoretical framework. In the first stage a comparative method will be used. Collecting
information in this research, in addition to documentary and library studies, will also include field
studies that are used to compile the subject literature review to find the thematic framework. At this
stage, by expressing the perceptual concept, the architectural porosity elements as well as the study
of its theories, criteria, rules and components are explained. In the second stage, a quantitative
method for measuring porosity will be presented using the criteria and components obtained in the
previous stage, the classification of porosity elements, factors and effective variables of façade›s
porosity. Structured questionnaires will be used to find the relationship between these variables
and their impact on each other and facade›s porosity. In the third stage which is the case study
section, the theoretical framework and the porosity quantitative measuring method are carried
out in 30 main facades of historical houses of Tabriz city and gathered data are analyzed with
descriptive statistics.
Based on the findings of the research, façades have a special feature called porosity number that is unique to them. The structure of the forming elements and the porosity changes of the façades also follow
a particular pattern. The research also shows that the main trait of porosity is openness. Air circulation,
light and the connection of internal and external spaces are major physical achievements of porosity and
its spiritual achievement is space and raised meaning in architecture. Empty, despite the lack of material
has an equal value, and sometimes more, than full, and how it is created and placed not only increases
the physical and spatial quality but also can have an impact in facades’ evaluations. Porosity is one of
the basic visual qualities, which over time has found a more significant role in façade. Porosity has a
hidden and mysterious pattern that can be the result of aesthetic feedback from architects, observers/
residents, and environmental conditions of the region. A certain evident percentage of porosity and a
specific pattern and alignment of porous space arrangement found in this study indicate that, at least in
Tabriz environmental conditions, a specific pattern of porosity is a part of the aesthetic preferences of the
architects and the residential-historical architectural users of Tabriz city. This optimal and aesthetic level
of porosity in the historical houses of Tabriz façades is close to 0.4 (40%).This pattern and alignment
can be considered by contemporary architects in this cultural-climatic area as an aesthetic factor. Of
course, the generalization of these features to other cities in Iran and beyond requires more and wider
researches. This study showed that porosity as a visual quality and its quantitative measurement method
can also be used as criteria of aesthetic evaluation of architectural façades.