كليدواژه :
پست مدرنيسم , تام استوپارد , آركاديا , فرانسوا ليوتار , ژان بودريار , نمايشنامه ي علمي
چكيده فارسي :
نمايشنامه ي علمي رويكردي نو در عرصه ي نمايشنامه نويسي است كه ريشه در آثار دراماتيك گذشته دارد. نگرش علمي به درام با توجه به رشد فناوري در قرن بيستم، متكي بر نظريه هاي علمي و دستاوردهاي بشر در عرصه ي علم و صنعت است. بيشترين نمود علم در هنر را مي توان در آثار پست مدرن جستجو كرد كه در آن ها علم دست مايه اي است براي خلق اثر هنري. تام استوپارد، نمايشنامه نويس معاصر بريتانيايي، در ميان ديگر نمايشنامه نويسان حوزه ي نمايش هاي علمي به سبب تكثر آثارش شناخته تر است. نمايشنامه ي آركاديا (1993) با انتخاب نظريه ي آشوب به عنوان چارچوب و ساختار روايي، يكي از شاخص ترين نمايشنامه ها ي علمي حال حاضر دنياي درام است. چارچوب نظري پژوهش حاضر نظريه هاي انديشمنداني همچون «فرانسوا ليوتار» و «ژان بودريار» درباره ي پست مدرنيسم، جايگاه هنر در آن و تبيين ويژگي ها و دلايل شكل گيري آثار پست مدرن است. «ليوتار» با مطرح كردن نظريه ي فراروايت دليل شكل گيري پست مدرنيسم و گرايش هنر به اين جريان را بيان مي كند و «بودريار» به تبيين رويكرد، اثرگذاري و روابط ميان هنر و علم در جهان پست مدرن مي پردازد. در اين مقاله تلاش شده است با توجه به آراء اين دو نظريه پرداز در حوزه ي ادبيات پست مدرن، قرار گرفتن نمايشنامه هاي علمي از جمله نمايشنامه ي آركاديا، در زمره ي آثار پست مدرن را اثبات و تفاوت هاي ساختاري ميان اين آثار و ديگر آثار تبيين شود.
چكيده لاتين :
Science plays are a new genre in the field of dramatic plays which is rooted in the past. Marlow and Shakespeare
are the first playwrights who tried to use scientific subjects in their plays. Before reaching modern time, some
of playwrights had concerned on some subjects that were related to scientific subjects, especially chemistry
and physics. After the explosion of atomic bomb, among scientific progress of human society, drama showed
its interest in similar themes. Now, after atomic bomb explosion in Hiroshima, playwrights attempted to
protest against science and its danger for human. This opinion is given in the works of Berthold Brecht and
Friedrich Durrenmatt -Galileo and Physicist. In the twentieth century, scientific approach to the development
of technology is based on scientific theories and human achievements in the field of science and industry.
Most of the scientific aspects of art can be found in the postmodern works. In recent years, literary foundations
have showed their interests in scientific plays. Some plays are considered important by scientific institutions
and art societies. For example, plays like Copenhagen by Michael Frayne, Wet by Margaret Hudson and
Proof by David Auburn has awarded in New York literature Award and Pulitzer Award. Thinkers such as
Jean-François Lyotard and Jean Baudrillard give some opinions about the postmodernism and art which
explaine the features of these works. Based on these theories, these plays can be categorized as scientific
plays which have properties of postmodernism literature. Postmodern plays are a kind of language game
in form of intertextuality. Tom Stoppard, British contemporary playwright, is more well-known than other
writers because of his effective ideas. Arcadia (1993) with choosing chaos theory as a framework for narrative
structure, is the most important scientific play. The framework of this study is Lyotard’s Metanarratives
theory and Baudrillard’s opinions about postmodern literature. It is proven scientific position among the
works of postmodern- like some plays such as Arcadia. Stoppard, by postmodernism approach and scientific
theories like thermodynamics, Newtonian physics, algorithm, mathematics and chaos theory, has succeeded
in challenging science in dramatic structure. He could reconcile scientific theories with dramatic elements
and merge plot and thematic schemata into scientific subjects in his play. Based on Lyotard’s theory about
postmodernism, Stoppard has tried to deny Meta-narrations versus legitimate knowledge. Creating a world
between fiction and reality, Stoppard makes Arcadia a story about never happened events that can never be
found in history, however all subjects have special position in history. Baudrillard categorized these plays
among science–fiction literature and argued about relation between this genre and public media. In Arcadia,
particularly in ending scene, past and present times are mixing up together to make a fiction situation that can
only be seen in science–fiction stories or movies. So, it can be concluded that scientific plays have postmodern
aspects.
