كليدواژه :
سينما , فيلم ژانري , سينماي مؤلف , هنر عامه پسند
چكيده فارسي :
پژوهش حاضر به مطالعه درباره ي ژانر مي پردازد و هدف آن شناسايي و درك بيشتر مقوله ي ژانر فيلم و ابعاد آن، بويژه معناي واژه ي «فيلم ژانري» است. اين تحقيق قصد دارد به اين پرسش هاي اساسي پاسخ دهد: 1) در صورت به رسميت شناختن واژه ي «فيلم ژانري»، آيا «فيلم غير ژانري» نيز وجود دارد؟، 2) در صورت وجود فيلم هاي غير ژانري، اين فيلم ها چه ويژگي هاي متمايز كننده اي دارند؟ پاسخ اين پرسش ها، توضيحي براي مفهوم و ابعاد ژانر فيلم و محدوده ي كاربردي آن خواهد بود. با فرض تقابل ميان دو «نظريه ي مولف» و «نظريه ي ژانر فيلم» و بررسي تطبيقي اين دو نظريه، تلاش شده است تفاوت ها شناسايي و ابعاد و ويژگي هاي يك فيلم ژانري، با روش توصيفي- تحليلي مشخص شود. نخست تعريفي از نظريه ي مولف و نظريه ي ژانر فيلم ارائه خواهد شد و در ادامه با توجه به تقابل اين دو نظريه، به توضيح فيلم ژانري و بيان ويژگي هاي آن مي پردازيم. مي توان فيلم هايي را كه چنين ويژگي هايي ندارند فيلم هاي غير ژانري و يا فيلم هاي بدون ژانر ناميد. در نتيجه ي پژوهش نشان خواهيم داد كه ويژگي هاي اين فيلم ها كانون توجه نظريه ي مولف اند. در نتيجه، فيلم هايي كه به شدت مولف گرا بوده اند غالبا در محدوده ي فيلم هاي ژانري قرار نمي گيرند و فرديتي مستقل از فيلم هاي ديگر دارند.
چكيده لاتين :
This research is about studies of genre film and it more aims to identify and understand the concept of genre
film, its dimensions, and especially the meaning of the word “genre film”. Many genre theory studies have
used this word, although they didn’t give an exact and evident definition of genre film. The Focus of this
article is on the definition of “genre film”. This study aims to answer these basic questions: 1. If we recognize
the word “genre film” and its meaning in film studies, is there the “non-genre film”? 2. What distinguishing
characteristics have non-genre films? When we want to answer these questions, we have to explain concept,
term and practical aspects of the film genre. According to the contrast between ‘author theory’ and ‘film
genre theory’, and besed on a comparative study of these theories, in this paper we are trying to distinguish
and describe the dimensions and characteristics of genre film with descriptive-analytical method. Initially, a
definition of authorship theory and film genre theory will be provided, and then, the above mentioned conflict,
“genre film” would be explained. We can detect many films that don’t have these characteristics. These films
can be called non-genre films. The results show that properties of non-genre films are the main points of the
author’s theory. This means that if two theories are illustrated like two opposite points in a syntactic structure,
many of recent genre films are between these two points. When a film is near to one of these points; it would
be in the structure of that, and far from the structure of the other. Although there have been a connection
between these theories, since the creation of French new wave to now, and can improve structure of each
other. Connection between theses two theories has provided a bed for the emergence of some films wich have
different characters of two theories. Many directors from commerical cinema have paid attention to critiques
and aims of author theory and began to make films which were inspired by author theory. Cinema historians
called these films and their directors ‘second generation of new wave’. These films show personality, solitary
and individuality of artist (director) and simultaneously, stand in generic structures of genre theory. Although
no genre film is completely without artist’s personality and authority and there isn’t any author film that
doesn’t have any of the six properties of genre film. When a film closes to genre theory and its structures,
it would have no properties of author theory. Six characters are detected for genre films: Repetitive nature,
economic nature, social function, predictability, Extensive use of resources and intertextual references, the
application of formal elements and symbolic iconography. Therefore, those films which don’t have any of
these properties are non-genre films. In the result, most of the films that are highly oriented toward author,
aren’t in the range of genre films and have their individuality.
