كليدواژه :
جوزف كمبل , كلاريسا استس , تك اسطوره ي سفر قهرمان , كهن الگوي زن وحشي , شهر اشباح
چكيده فارسي :
در بسياري از انيميشن هاي ارزشمند جهان، قهرمانان زن در نقش هاي محوري ظاهر مي شوند. شخصيت آن ها متفاوت از شخصيت قهرمانان هم جنس پيش از آن هاست. در اين مقاله، به منظور بررسي چگونگي حضور قهرمانان زن، انيميشن شهر اشباح كه قهرمان آن زن است و يكي از آثار فاخر انيميشن جهان قلمداد مي شود، براي تحليل انتخاب شده است. چارچوب نظري تحليل اين انيميشن، تك اسطوره ي سفر قهرمان جوزف كمبل است كه امكان تحليل و درك بسياري از نمادهاي فيلم مذكور را فراهم مي آورد. سپس با توجه به جنسيت مونث قهرمان و براي اين كه درك كاملي از نمادها و سفر قهرمان زن حاصل شود، تك اسطوره ي كمبل را با «كهن الگوي زن وحشي» كلاريسا استس هماهنگ كرده ايم. در اين مقاله نشان داده شده است كه كليت داستان انيميشن شهر اشباح با طرح سفر قهرمان كمبل هماهنگ است، اما با توجه به مونث بودن قهرمان اين انيميشن، ضرورت استفاده از كهن الگوي زن وحشي در تحليل آن آشكار است. همچنين مشخص شد كه مرحله ي آشتي با پدر و ملاقات با خدابانو از منظر كمبل، با شخصيت قهرمان مونث اين انيميشن هماهنگ نيست و به جاي آن، مقصد سفر قهرمان در اين داستان برقراري ارتباط با زن وحشي است.
چكيده لاتين :
In recent years, in the most important animation films, we can find an increase in the presence of females in
children or young teenaged films. It seems that feminism thoughts have effected cultural entertainments such
as kinds of toys, comic books, popular music and also industrial film productions, specially animation works
(for example, Spirited away (2001), Monsters vs. Aliens (2009) and Brave (2012)). Some of these products
belong to huge companies like Walt Disney. In former decades, young teenage girls were obeyed personage
in most films. But nowadays, everything has changed. In new films, female heroes have the first, main and
effective roles. Heroines are more different characters than the past homogeneous samples. They are not weak
girls waiting for a lovely survivor, but they are heroines who try to save themselves and even their friends.
They play not only an effective role in making their fate, but also they influence their own environment and
other’s life. They pass all levels of heroic journey like a real hero but with all female characteristics. The
structure of these new heroines represents a new heroic pattern. The statement of new pattern is the main
question of this research. In order to find the quality of the presence of female heroes, in this research, we
have studied “Spirited away” (Miyazaki, 2001). This is one of the most famous animations containing various
visual symbols, such as a girl with a perky role. This animation film has been welcomed by the audiences in
many movie theaters of the world. A famous Japanese company animation that was named Ghibli made this
marvelous production. “Spirited away” went in honor Academy Award Oscar for the best animation in 2001
and later 34 other international awards, meanwhile, this animation had nominated for 19 awards in its career.
This animation film was registered as 41 top films in cinema history in IMDB reference site. The theoretical
framework for analyzing this movie is based on hero’s journey mono myth of Joseph Campbell that allowed
us to understand most of the visual symbols used in it. Then, according to the existence of female hero, we
analyze hero’s journey of Joseph Campbell with “wild woman” archetype theory of Clarissa Pin kola Estés.
The results show that the total framework of story line and character development is based on Campbell
theory (hero’s journey), but because of the presence of female heroes, “wild woman” theory can explain this
movie adequately. The results show that “peace with father” and “meeting the goddess” levels in Campbell’s
theory are not suitable for female hero’s characters in this movie. Therefore, in this story, having a connection
with “wild woman” is one of the levels of the improvement of heroine. Using symbolic paraphrase of Estés
about feminine conditions of heroines, some parts of Campbell’s pattern which were need to be reviewed
would be completed. Therefore “Spirited away” can be looked as a female narration of Campbell theory
(hero’s journey) that can be analyzed by wild woman archetype theory of Estés.
