بررسي صنعت شيشه‌گري در تل مليان استان فارس بر اساس آناليز PIXE

An Investigation of Glassmaking Industry at Tal-i Malyan Based on PIXE Analysis

صنعت شيشه‌گري از سابقه و قدمت ديرينه‌اي در ايران برخوردار است. اين صنعت در دوره ساساني همپا با ساير صنايع به پيشرفت‌هاي شايان توجهي در فن ساخت و شيوه تزئين دست يافته است. مطالعات پيشين بر روي صنعت شيشه‌گري اين دوره درخشان تاريخي تنها محدود به طبقه‌بندي و گونه شناسي اشيا بوده است. شناخت اصولي و فني از پيشينه صنعت شيشه‌گري در ايران مستلزم مطالعه‌اي همه‌جانبه است كه مي‌بايست جايگاه علوم جديد و مطالعات آزمايشگاهي در آن لحاظ گردد. هدف نهايي اين تحقيق بررسي ساختار صنعت شيشه‌گري در تل مليان فارس از دوره ساساني است كه در اين راستا مواد خام و شيوه‌هاي توليد در صنعت شيشه‌گري اين دوره بر اساس مطالعات آزمايشگاهي مورد بررسي قرار گرفته و نيز شناخت تفسيري قطعات موردمطالعه با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SPSS و روش آناليز خوشه‌اي (Cluster Analysis) امكان دسته‌بندي قطعات را با توجه به درصد عناصر تشكيل‌دهنده و مواد به كار رفته در توليد آن‌ها فراهم نموده است. در راستاي تحقق اهداف فوق تعداد 26 نمونه از قطعات شيشه‌اي به‌دست‌آمده از كاوش‌هاي باستان‌شناختي تل مليان توسط روش PIXE تجزيه عنصري گرديد و تحليل داده‌هاي به‌دست‌آمده از اين تجزيه توسط مقايسه تطبيقي و تحليل آماري انجام گرفت كه منجر به شناسايي دستور ساخت و نوع منبع مورداستفاده جهت تهيه مواد خام براي ساخت خمير شيشه شد. همچنين با استفاده از تصاوير ميكروسكوپ الكتروني روبشي (SEM) تزئينات و هوازدگي و تأثير مواد تشكيل‌دهنده بر اين روند مطالعه گرديد.

Glass can be defined as an inorganic melted product that has solidified without crystallization. Glass-making industry has an ancient history and background in Iran. In Sasanian period, this industry along with other industries attained a considerable development in manufacturing techniques, designs and decoration methods. Surprisingly, little has been published on the detail of technologies they employed, studies which have been accomplished are restricted to classification and typology of objects and artifacts. Therefore, this research tries to illuminate the unknown parts of this industry by using archaeological sciences and variation of statistical studies. The particle induced X-ray emission spectroscopy (PIXE) is a remarkable tool for the scientific investigation of cultural heritage. Study of glass-making structures in Sasanian period at Tal-i Malyan -considering manufacturing techniques and raw materials- is the main purpose of this research. Tal-i Malyan is located in Baiza district of Fars province in Iran. It lies 43 kilometers west of Persepolis, near the western edge of a large intermountain valley system drained by the Kur River, at an altitude of 1500 meters. Although first occupied in the Jari period (5500 B.C.) or earlier, evidence of later occupation such as Sasanian pottery kiln and coins found in burials, demonstrate Parthian and Sasanian settlements in Malyan. Hence, a group of 26 glass object fragments from Tal-i Malyan were selected as a case study in order to analyze them using PIXE method to determine the raw materials and technological aspects of their production and use. In addition, scanning electron microscopy in combination with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (SEM-EDS) images was used to gain a better understanding about the weathering process and decoration details. Applying statistical analysis such as cluster analysis has led to identify two glass recipes, different source of raw materials and different production technologies for manufacture of glass frit. The analytical data suggest that both soda-lime-silicate and potash-lime-silicate were producing in this area. Furthermore, iron and manganese contents show that the furnace temperature was mainly responsible for the development of green, blue and blue-green hues. Also, the presence of glass frits, quartz crystals and milky quartz indicates that the glassmaking manufacturing was a common and domestic industry in Malyan.