كليدواژه :
بازسازي , ماندگاري , مستندسازي , شهر لار , جابه‌جايي شهري , زلزله
چكيده فارسي :
هر سانحه از نظر نوع، زمان و محدوده با سوانح ديگر‌تفاوت دارد اما مشكلات و پيامدهاي تمام سوانح اساساً مشابه هستند كه اين امر لزوم بررسي‌هاي علمي و مستندسازي آموزه‌ها را به‌منظور درس‌آموزي و كاربرد در سوانح آتي تشديد مي‌كند. يكي از نقاط ضعف مطالعات بازسازي در ايران فقدان مستندسازي تجارب بازسازي‌هاي پيشين ميباشد. بسياري از اين بازسازي‌ها پس از گذشت چندين دهه همچنان زنده و پويا هستند و اين در حالي است كه تاكنون مستندات مرتبط و عوامل مؤثر در ماندگاري آن‌ها كمتر مورد نقد علمي قرار گرفته است.
شهر لار واقع در استان فارس پس از زلزله سال 1339 بر مبناي جابه‌جايي شهري بازسازي گرديد و در حال حاضر شامل دو بخش پويا، شهر جديد (بازسازي شده) و شهر قديم است. لذا در اين مقاله سعي بر آن است كه ضمن مستندسازي، شناخت و تحليل روند بازسازي اين شهر پس از گذشت بيش از پنج دهه، به ارائه ويژگي‌هاي منحصربه‌فرد و دلايل ماندگاري آن تا به امروز پرداخته و درس‌هاي حاصله براي بهبود برنامه‌هاي آينده ارائه شود. در اين راستا تلفيقي از دو روش توصيفي و ميداني استفاده شده است.
نتايج حاصل از اين پژوهش نشان مي‌دهد كه در اين بازسازي، از ابتدا كالبد در قالب يك شهر شامل بخش‌هاي مسكوني، زيرساخت‌ها، تأسيسات و بناهاي عمومي شهري برنامه‌ريزي و هزينه آن تأمين گرديد. مكان جابه‌جايي شهر پيرو مطالعات زمين‌شناسي به‌دور از گسل انتخاب و براي ساخت مسكن و بناهاي عمومي نيز از سازه‌اي ضد زلزله با سرعت ساخت بالا استفاده شد. مسئولين امر بازسازي با تعهد و سخت‌كوشي به انجام اصولي امور پرداختند و كميسيوني متشكل از معتمدين و روحانيون محلي بر تمام مسائل بازسازي نظارت داشتند. مشكلات پيش روي هيئت بازسازي از جمله ادعاي مالكيت زمين‌ها و موارد مذهبي مانند شايعه غصبي بودن زمين شهر جديد به‌صورت كدخدامنشي در كمترين زمان ممكن مرتفع مي‌گرديد. علاوه بر اين‌ها تسهيل رفت‌وآمد و به‌موجب آن تسريع بازتواني اقتصاد وابسته به بازار شهر قديم لار باعث شد كه افراد ساكن در شهر جديد علاقه و دلبستگي خود در شهر قديم را دنبال كنند. برنامه واگذاري خانه و زمين به آسيب‌ديدگان نيز در عين رعايت عدالت، احساس تعلق را در مالكان آن تقويت مي‌كرد.
چكيده لاتين :
Disasters are different in terms of type, time and scope but they often create similar problems which indicates the importance of their scientific analysis and documentation for informing future reconstruction planning. One of the weaknesses of disaster studies in Iran is a lack of documentation of past reconstruction experiences. Many of these reconstruction projects are still alive, developed by their residents throughout several decades. However relevant documentation describing the processes of reconstruction and factors affecting the durability of their outcomes have rarely done, reviewed and criticized.
The city of Lar in Fars province was devastated by an earthquake in 1339. The rescue and rehabilitation phases terminated within fifteen days. This phased followed by a reconstruction program, which involved the relocation of the city to a safer area. Now after passing more than five decades this city consists of two active areas: the new town - relocated city - and the old town.
This article firstly seeks to document and analyze the Lar reconstruction after more than five decades; secondly, tries to provide unique features of this process and reasons for the durability of the outcome; and ultimately, tries to offer the lessons of this reconstruction to inform future plans.
In order to achieve these goals, we conducted document review and fieldwork. Firstly, we analyzed existing documents, such as reports related to the earthquake and descriptions of the reconstruction processes in related books, national archives papers; reviewed newspapers published for a period of three years from the time of the accident until the end of reconstruction; conducted in-depth interviews with those involved in the reconstruction and the survivors who were present at the time of the earthquake; and documented the reconstruction process. Secondly, we evaluated this reconstruction based on sustainable reconstruction measures, defined through a review of literature and reconstruction experiences in Iran and the world. Finally, lessons learnt from this reconstruction were extracted.
The findings of this study show that in this reconstruction, from the beginning the relocated city was planned to include residential areas, infrastructure, facilities and public buildings, and the budget for this relocation plan was allocated from the beginning. Following the city's geological studies, a safe place away from the faults was selected for the construction and earthquake-proof structures were used in building houses and public buildings of the city. Authorities began the reconstruction of the city with commitment and hard work. A commission composed of local dignitaries and clergymen oversaw all aspects of the reconstruction process, such as budgeting. Challenges that the program faced, including land ownership claims and religious issues were settled locally in the shortest time possible, avoiding interruption in the process. Facilitating commuting between the old and new city led to the economic rehabilitation of this market town and reinforced the sense of belonging of the people to the new city. The built houses were allocated to people for free or were sold to them. A committee of local dignitaries and reconstruction authorities decided about the allocation of houses by investigating the social and economical situations of residents
