كليدواژه :
سرمايه اجتماعي , مشاركت , روستاي شاهكوه سفلي , تحليل شبكه , بافت باارزش
چكيده فارسي :
بافت‌هاي روستايي در ايران، گونه‌هاي بي‌نظير فضايي را در دوره‌اي طولاني و در مكان‌هايي خاص ارائه مي‌كنند كه برخي از آن‌ها به‌دليل برخورداري از ويژگي‌هاي خاص معماري، تاريخي و فرهنگي به‌عنوان ميراثي به‌شمار مي‌روند كه حفظ و نگهداري آن‌ها از اهميت فراواني برخوردار است. از اين‌رو بنياد مسكن انقلاب اسلامي اقدام به شناسايي و اجراي طرح‌هاي بهسازي بافت باارزش تاريخي در روستاها داراي شرايط مي‌نمايد. در اين رهگذر مشاركت روستاييان در اين طرح‌ها سبب تسهيل و تضمين موفقيت آن‌ها مي‌شود. يكي از مهم‌ترين عناصر تحقق مشاركت واقعي در جوامع پيچيده امروزي، سطح سرمايه اجتماعي در جامعه است. در اين راستا، رويكرد تحليل شبكه به‌عنوان نظريه و مدلي كه به مطالعه ساختارها و روابط مي‌پردازد، قادر به سنجش ميزان سرمايه اجتماعي بين افراد ميباشد كه در چند سال اخير مورد توجه زيادي قرار گرفته است. اين تحقيق نيز با هدف سنجش سرمايه اجتماعي روستاييان و مشاركت آن‌ها در طرح‌هاي بهسازي بافت باارزش تاريخي در روستاي شاهكوه سفلي شهرستان گرگان به‌عنوان روستاي هدف گردشگري كه داراي بافت باارزش تاريخي ميباشد، با روش تحليل شبكه‌اي پرداخته شد. در حقيقت سؤال اساسي تحقيق اين است كه وضعيت سرمايه اجتماعي روستاييان و مشاركت آن‌ها در طرح‌هاي بهسازي بافت باارزش تاريخي در روستاي مورد مطالعه چگونه است. بر اين اساس فهرستي از افراد ذي‌نفوذ روستا با استفاده از روش گلوله برفي تهيه شد. در نهايت نام 43 نفر به‌عنوان افراد شاخص كه براي اين طرح در روستا همكاري داشتهاند، به‌دست آمد. در مرحله بعد، پرسشنامه‌اي تهيه و داده‌هاي ماتريسي به محيط نرم‌افزار Ucinet وارد و با استفاده از تعدادي آزمون مورد تجزيه‌وتحليل قرار گرفتند. به‌صورت كلي نتايج اين تحقيق نشان‌دهنده وضعيت مناسب سطح اعتماد روستاييان به يكديگر و در عين حال وضعيت نامناسب مشاركت آن‌ها در طرح بهسازي بافت باارزش تاريخي روستا ميباشد. همچنين بيشترين سطح اعتماد و همچنين همكاري افراد با يكديگر به‌صورت درون‌گروهي ظهور و بروز پيداكرده است. به معناي ديگر در روستاي مورد مطالعه بيشتر شاهد سرمايه مجتمعي كه واجد خصلت انحصاري و اختصاصي در مقابل سرمايه اجتماعي با ويژگي غير انحصاري و باز بودن مواجه هستيم
چكيده لاتين :
Due to their extensive links with the natural and historical context, rural settlements acquire many historical, cultural, natural, architectural values and hence are considered as a part of national capital. The image and physical structure of the ‘village’ has been adversely affected by the influx of technology, culture and images of the ‘city’ and a loss of cultural and indigenous values among the inhabitants of these settlements. However, a part of these settlements has endure partly due to the strength and architectural values embedded in their built environment.
As a result, the physical development plans require a vision that takes into consideration the historical value of rural settlements. Housing Foundation of Islamic Revolution has been involved in identifying rural settlements with historical and cultural values and implementing improvement projects for them. In this process, the participation of villagers can facilitate the implementation and ensure the success of the project. Adopting a network analysis approach, this study analyzes the participation of rural people in improvement projects in settlements with historical and cultural values. The aim of this study is to evaluate the participation of villagers in the development of valuable historical fabric of Shahkooh Sofla as one of the target villages for tourism.
The network analysis approach is adopted because of the importance and role of social relations and conflicts. Data was obtained through document review, field visits, questionnaire and interviews with local people. Using the snowball method, 43 people were selected for this study, who were involved in, and exerted influence on, the village affairs. At the next step, a questionnaire was prepared asking respondents the question of which of the following people have tried to facilitate the project and cooperate with you? In the last step, data was analyzed using UCINET software.
Density index determines the ratio of existing links to the ones that are supposed to exist. This index in terms of confidence among the villagers was 0.6124 or 61.24% and in terms of participation was 0.1977 or 19.77%. This shows that more than 60 percent of villagers have confidence in each other, while their participation is very low and more people act based on their personal decision and not group decisions. The reciprocity index shows the ratio of reciprocal links to the ones that are supposed to exist. This index in terms of confidence among the villagers was 0.5868 or 58.68% and in terms of participation was 0.5727 or 57.27%. The transitivity index in terms of confidence among the villagers was 76.79% and in terms of participation was 53.03%.
The results indicate an appropriate level of trust between villagers and at the same time very low level of cooperation and participation among them. The highest level of trust and cooperation was emerged within social groups. A greater public participation, cooperation and assistance is a necessary prerequisite for the implementation of the project. Many of the villagers are certainly willing to participate in the various stages of the project, but they assert that officials are not inclined to involve people and that most of the measures incorporated in the project has been already planned without public participation. Given that the planning and implementation of the development project lack any provision for the participation of local people, it cannot lead to sustainable development. Adopting network approach seems necessary in these projects.
