ماهيت و غايت هنر در انديشه ابونصر فارابي و ابوحامد محمد غزالي

The Essence and the Goal of Art in FARABI and ABU HAMMED AL GHAZZALI (the Comparative Study)

فارابي و غزالي از تاثيرگذارترين انديشمندان در جهان اسلام هستند كه آراء و انديشه هايشان تفاوت بسياري با يكديگر دارد. فارابي فيلسوفي مشائي و موسس فلسفه اسلامي است، در حاليكه غزالي يك متكلم اشعري با گرايشات صوفيانه و از بزرگترين منتقدان فلسفه مشاء است. از اين جهت مقايسه و بررسي ديدگاه اين دو بسيار حائز اهميت است. در آراء اين دو انديشمند مي توان نظرات ايشان درباره هنر را جستجو كرد. مسئله اين مقاله حول فهم ماهيت و غايت هنر در نزد اين دو متفكر شكل مي گيرد. بحث ماهيت و غايت هنر (به معناي Art“ ”) به طور مستقل و مستقيم در هيچ يك از آثار اين انديشمندان مطرح نشده است. بنابراين با توجه به آراء ابونصر فارابي و ابوحامد محمد غزالي مي توان مباحثي را استنباط كرد. سوالات اين تحقيق عبارتند از: 1. ماهيت و غايتِ هنر در انديشۀ ابونصرِ فارابي و ابوحامد محمدِ غزّالي چيستند؟ 2.چه تفاوتي بين آراء اين دو در بابِ ماهيت و غايتِ هنر وجود دارد؟ 3.دليلِ اين تفاوت ها و شباهت ها چيست؟ هدف از اين پژوهش، بررسي تطبيقي هنر در انديشه عقل گرايانه فارابي و انديشه صوفيانه غزالي است. به عبارتي هدف بررسي قش مباني معرفت شناختي در شكل گيري تعريف هنر و غايت آن است.روشِ اين تحقيق بر اساس هدف بنيادي ، از لحاظ ماهيت و روش توصيفي و به صورتِ تطبيقي انجام ميشود .روشِ گردآوريِ اطلاعات به صورت كتابخانه اي و ميداني )به شكل مصاحبه اي( بوده است. بي ترديد مفهوم هنر در انديشه يك فيلسوف با انديشه يك متكلم با گرايشات صوفيانه تفاوتهايي دارد. نتايج اين مقاله نشان مي دهد مولفه هاي ماهيت هنر در انديشه فارابي عبارتند از محاكات، احساس، زيبايي، لذت وعقل و مولفه هاي ماهيت هنر در انديشه غزالي عبارتند زيبايي، انعكاس زيبايي باطني، لذت، ذوق، شرعي بودن و احساس. همچنين غايت هنر در انديشه فارابي سعادت و در انديشه غزالي افزايش دوستي انسان است.

Abu Nasr AL FARABI and Abu Hammed AL GHAZZALI are the famous characters in IslamicPhilosophy and Islamic world. Most of their opinion is different. AL FARABI is the founder of IslamicPhilosophy and he is a peripatetic philosopher. He is called The Second Teacher (after Aristotle whowas The First Teacher). But Abu hammed Al GHAZZALI is a theologian with Sufi attitude andalso he criticized peripatetic philosophy. Some people think that after him, Islamic philosophy isfinished. So the comparative study of them is important. The problem of this paper is to understandThe Essence and The Goal of Art in Abu Nasr ALFARABI and Abu Hammed AL GHAZZALI. Thesubject of “The Essence and The Goal of Art” (Art in modern meaning) was not directly or indirectlyconsidered in their opinion. because this subject was not considerable for them and also for otherIslamic philosophers. But we can deduct their idea about art and beauty. Questions of this paperare: 1. What is The Essence and The Goal of ART in Abu Nasr Al FARABI and Abu Hammed AlGHAZZALI? 2. What are the differences in their idea about the essence and the goal of art? 3. Whatare the reasons of these differences and similarities? The goal of this research is to search The Essenceand The Goal of art in Abu Nasr Al FARABI and Abu Hammed Al GHAZZALI. In other hand, thegoal of this paper is to study the role of epistemology in the essence and the goal of Art. The methodof this research is fundamental , descriptive and comparative . The method of gathering data is frombooks, articles and interview. results show that the best definition for the concept of Art is not essentialdefinition. The best definitions are nominal definition and descriptive definition , because “ Art ” is notan essential concept . It is not an essence in the way that Aristotle said and It is a relative concept. Artis not in the essence of objects and it is predicated with common technical predication. The meaningof goal in this paper is: ” That to which movement is directed ” . Because the relation betweengoal and something that has goal isn’t essential. The essence and the goal of Art in the opinion ofperipatetic philosopher are different to a theologian - Sufi person. The key factors of The Essence ofArt in Abu Nasr ALFARABI are: Mimesis, Pleasure, Intellection , Beauty , and imagination , and thekey factors of The Essence of Art in Abu Hammed ALGHAZZALI are : Beauty , Pleasure, reflecting( mimesis ) of ideal beauty , intuition and Religiously . The Goal of Art in Abu Nasr Al FARABI ishappiness or felicity. In his opinion art helps people to understand what prophet (philosopher)said andguide them to felicity .and the goal of Art in Abu Hammed Al GHAZZALI is to increase the love ofhuman to God