آرايش درجات عكس هنگام استفاده از كاغذ كنتراست متغير و كاربست نظام ناحيه اي

A Comparative Study of Arrangement of Black & White Photograph Tonal Between of Using the Variable Contrast Paper and the Zone system

عكس سياه و سفيد بدون رسانه رنگ، توانسته است در قلمداد شدن عكاسي به عنوان يك هنر، نقش بسزايي ايفا نمايد. درجات عكس سياه و سفيد و تفكيك آنها، براي قوه ي بينايي ما حائز اهميت است. از آن جا كه هنگام آفرينش اين عكس ها، برخي از روش ها مي توانند عكاس را در مديريت آرايش و تركيب بندي درجات دچار چالش سازند، لذا پرداختن به آن در اين مقاله امري ضروري به نظر مي آيد. نگارنده در پژوهش حاضر، با انجام آزمايش ودر راستاي هدف تحقيق، در تلاش است تا به روش تطبيقي –تحليلي و با رويكرد كيفي، تمايز و تشابه دو روشِ مورد مطالعه در فرايند آفرينش عكس، يعني 1- استفاده از كاغذ كنتراست متغير به جاي كاغذ تك شماره اي و 2- كاربست نظام ناحيه اي با استفاده از كاغذ تك شماره اي ، را از حيث آرايش درجات و تأثير بر كيفيت عكس، مورد ارزيابي قرار دهد. از اين رو، پژوهش حاضر در پاسخ به اين پرسش كه آيا اختلافي بين آرايش درجاتِ تصوير در اين دو روش وجود دارد، و چرا كاربر بايد روش پر مشقت نظام ناحيه اي را برگزيند، به اين نتيجه رسيد كه با امكان كنترل و جايگزيني دقيق و هوشمندانه ي درجات و تفكيك آنها در تمام بخش هاي تصوير هنگام كاربست علم و فن نظام ناحيه اي، اين روش، ضامن ارتقاء كيفيت و وضوح عكس(به عنوان مهمترين ويژگي)، در راستاي اهداف زيباشناسانه بوده، و كاغذ كنتراست متغير نمي تواند از اين حيث جايگزين مناسبي براي آن باشد

Black and white photograph without the medium of color has played a significant role in recognizing photography as a type of art. Therefore, the structure of these photographs, or tonal, has been majorly considered by the aesthetes and photographers which has led to the development and flourishing of photography art up to now. The tonal of black and white photograph and their differentiation is crucial for our vision. Since some methods can challenge the photographers in management of tonal arrangement and composition during creation of their photos, it is necessary this issue be taken into consideration in this article. Accordingly, this research tries to inspect the differences and similarities between the two methods of: 1-using variable contrast paper instead of the monograde paper and 2-using the zone system by utilizing monograde paper, in terms of tonal arrangement and its influence on photograph quality. This research was completed by doing various experiments and using comparative and analytic method with a qualitative approach as well as studying photography theoretical basis. The research defined that using of variable contrast papers with filter 4 (instead of using development +2 and exposing to the zone system method) changes the valuable tonal of photograph(detailed high lights and shadows) to lower valued tonal(high lights and shadows without details)(picture No 12). Using the variable contrast papers with filter 0(instead of using development -2 and exposing to the zone system method) improperly changed bright and dark tonal to middle gray and caused a density in this section and threw contrast off balance(picture No 13). Because of possibility to changing of exposure and development of film, and being an influence on arrangement of tonal, the zone system has a convenient function to making of balance in contrast and so keeping the valuable tonal, and eliminating and transfering of lower valued of them. Doing of plus development in zone system method, demonstrated that we can control each three section of tonal(high lights, middle gray and shadows) from the point of view of separation and convenient replacement of tonal(curve No 14). As a result, the research question investigates whether there are differences in tonal arrangement of the two methods and why the user has to choose the difficult method of the zone system. It is concluded that the possibility of careful and wise control and substitution of tonal and their separation in all parts of the picture by using the zone system guarantees the quality improvement and sharpness of the photograph (as the most significant feature). This choice peruses aesthetical aims and subsequently the variable contrast paper cannot be an appropriate substitute for that.